“…9 PCTMALE j,t , PCTOVER65 j,t , and PCTWHITE j,t are the percentage of the total population that is male, over sixty-five, and Caucasian, respectively, in county j at time t , and are included to capture possible impacts of demographic differences and changes over time on government revenues and expenditures. For example, population aging and the rising elderly population could increase certain county services (e.g., services provided to senior citizens) while at the same time having a potentially negative impact on other expenditures such as education (Honadle, Costa, and Cigler 2004; Tosun, Williamson and Yakovlev 2012; Wallace 2012). On the revenue side, both income tax (through tax breaks for the elderly) and the property tax are expected to be impacted by rising elderly population (Brunori 2007, 2011; Skidmore and Tosun 2011; Wallace 2012).…”