Metal–organic framework of MIL‐53(Al) (Al(OH)‐[O2C‐C6H4‐CO2]) with exceptional thermal stability (as high as ≈550 °C in dynamic conditions) are synthesized via a solvothermal method, which serve as a porous host matrix of Co‐based catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS). MIL‐53(Al) shows large micropores and lattice dynamic flexibility, which make this material a promising support for active cobalt species. The as‐synthesized Co/MIL‐53(Al) catalysts with different cobalt loadings are characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetry (TG), Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, and temperature programmed reduction. The results show that the immobilization of Co nanoparticles on the MIL‐53(Al) support could be beneficial to obtain novel effective catalysts for FTS. Moreover, compared with the Co/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst of the same cobalt loading, the catalytic performance of Co/MIL‐53(Al) catalyst shows higher FTS activity. Interestingly, the gasoline selectivity over the Co/MIL‐53(Al) catalyst is much higher than that of the Co/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst, close to the optimal value for maximum gasoline and diesel production.