Fish and fish-liver oil consumption in adolescence and midlife and risk of CHD in older women

Abstract

Objective To study the association of fish and fish-liver oil consumption across the lifespan with CHD later in life among Icelandic women, with special emphasis on the effects of consumption in adolescence. Design Prevalence association study. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals of CHD according to fish or fish-liver oil exposure. Models were adjusted for age, education, concurrent diet and other known risk factors. Setting The study was nested within the AGES-Reykjavik Study, conducted in Reykjavik, Iceland. Subjects Participants were 3326 women aged 66–96 years, with available information on CHD status at entry to the study and information on fish and fish-liver oil consumption during midlife and adolescence. Dietary habits were assessed retrospectively using a validated FFQ. Results CHD was identified in 234 (7·9 %) women. Compared with women with no intake of fish-liver oil in adolescence or midlife, women who consumed fish-liver oil at least three times weekly in adolescence or in midlife had a decreased risk of CHD (OR = 0·62; 95 % CI 0·45, 0·85 and OR = 0·68; 95 % CI 0·50, 0·94, respectively). No associations were observed between fish intake (>2 portions/week v. ≤2 portions/week) in adolescence or midlife and CHD in this population with high fish intake. Conclusions Fish-liver oil consumption, from early life, may reduce the risk of CHD in older women. Lifelong nutrition may be of importance in the prevention of CHD in older women.

Longitudinal associations between marine omega-3 supplement users and coronary heart disease in a UK population-based cohort

“…The AGES study in Iceland, where the majority of women consumed 2-4 fish portion per week (85% lean fish), did observe a lower risk of hospitalisation due to CHD when n-3 PUFA from CLO was ≥5.9 g/week, whereas no association was observed with fish consumption. 18 We did not observe any association with CHD hospitalisation; however, the n-3 PUFA dose in the AGES study was much higher and therefore efficacy might have been through atherosclerotic pathways. Fish oil supplements cannot contain all the nutrients that would be obtained when consuming fish, or indeed the other meal components consumed with it (eg, vegetables) or the red meat replacement that took place, 48 49 but n-3 PUFA supplements contain lower concentrations of contamination, 50 and provide essential fatty acids without any coating and/or frying oils which might supply trans-fatty acids which are positively associated with CHD.…”

“…Fish could therefore have exceeded the threshold for an antiarrhythmic effect in this Norwegian cohort to which CLO could not add, but might supply a considerable contribution to n-3 PUFA intake in the UK. The AGES study in Iceland, where the majority of women consumed 2–4 fish portion per week (85% lean fish), did observe a lower risk of hospitalisation due to CHD when n-3 PUFA from CLO was ≥5.9 g/week, whereas no association was observed with fish consumption 18. We did not observe any association with CHD hospitalisation; however, the n-3 PUFA dose in the AGES study was much higher and therefore efficacy might have been through atherosclerotic pathways.…”

“…16 A Swedish cohort observed no association for fish oil supplements and CVD mortality 17 ; whereas a study based in Iceland observed a lower risk of CHD hospitalisation with high frequency of CLO consumption. 18 Previous studies have relied on single baseline measures of supplement use and covariates, 19 excluded fish oil supplement users because of minimal use in the studied cohort 20 or lacked detailed data on supplement use and therefore imputed n-3 PUFA content 21 ; moreover, trials have included participants at increased risk of CHD [22][23][24] or included those who have already experienced a CHD event [25][26][27][28] ; the effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation in a general population are less well documented, and the first primary prevention trial is ongoing. 29 The aim of this analysis was to use three repeated measures of supplement use to investigate the association between n-3 PUFA supplement intake and CHD mortality in a general population-based cohort.…”

Toxic Metals (Al, Cd, Pb) and Trace Element (B, Ba, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sr, V, Zn) Levels in Sarpa Salpa from the North-Eastern Atlantic Ocean Region

“…On the other hand, although they are not exceeded, the percentages of contribution to the maximum value (UL) set by the IOM (Institute of Medicine) [ 21 ] for Fe (49.1%, adults), Cu (47%, adults) and Mo (40.0%, adults) from the consumption of 100 g/day of liver are significant. Fish liver consumption has health benefits because it is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids [ 47 ]. Brustad et al [ 48 ] studied the vitamin D status in a rural population of northern Norway with high fish liver consumption and concluded that the consumption of fish liver offers a high vitamin D intake.…”

Role of Cod Liver Oil in Preventing Myocardial Infarction

“…Moreover, its use was associated with a 26% lower incidence of CAD mortality compared with the ones who were not using the omega-3 PUFA supplement [ 9 ]. The AGES study in Iceland, where the majority of women had approximately two to four fish portions per week in their diet, observed a lower incidence of hospitalization due to CAD [ 10 ]. All the nutrients that would be obtained when consuming fish or the other meal components consumed with it, e.g.…”