Fish cell cultures as in vitro models of pro-inflammatory responses elicited by immunostimulants

A synthetic peptide derived from the D1 domain of flagellin induced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in fish macrophages

“…This cytokine was chosen because in seabream gilthead macrophages has been demonstrated that it is induced by different PAMPs, among them commercial and recombinant flagellin [15,21,22]. Results show that the two peptide concentrations used (0.1 and 1 mg ml À1 ) increased the mRNA levels of IL-1b with respect to the non-stimulated control.…”

“…It is noteworthy that the synthetic peptide generated was able to activate in vitro head kidney macrophages from two phylogenetically distant teleost, more importantly, considering that not all species can have the same response to an immunostimulant [22,23]. In the case of flagellin, the affinity of TLR5 may vary depending on the fish species and the pathogen confronted [24].…”

Lactobacillus acidophilus attenuates Aeromonas hydrophila induced cytotoxicity in catla thymus macrophages by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation

“…Galindo and co-workers have previously identified several genes induced by cytotoxic enterotoxin of A. hydrophila in murine macrophages and in a separate study indicated that cytotoxicity led to apoptosis (Galindo et al, 2003). Besides, it has been fairly well reported that the ROS accumulation plays a crucial role in A. hydrophila induced macrophage apoptosis (Fierro-Castro et al, 2012;Chakrabarti et al, 2014). ROS generation in macrophages initiates a series of reactions including iNOS mediated NO production leading to biomolecular damage, apoptosis and release of cytokine cascade (Banerjee et al, 2014a).…”

Expression profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines in head-kidney leucocytes of rohu following stimulation with poly I:C

“…Though, studies on expression pattern of immune molecules following different stimuli and downstream pathways are necessary to understand host-pathogen interaction, research on rohu immune system, in particular is limited. Polyinosinicpolycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a double stranded RNA virus analog mimics viral infection and in fish it has been reported to induce pro-inflammatory responses and anti-microbial activity [11]. It has been successfully used in vivo as well as in vitro to study expression pattern of cytokines in response to viral infection in several fish species [12][13][14][15].…”