Fish Cytokines and Immune Response

Reyes-Cerpa, Sebastián; Maisey, Kevin; Reyes-López, Felipe E.; Toro-Ascuy, Daniela; Sandino, Ana María; Imarai, Mónica

doi:10.5772/53504

Cited by 48 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 328 publications

(408 reference statements)

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“…The expression of TNF-α displayed a similar pattern to that of IL-1β, although to a lesser extent in all periods. These cytokines are known as pro-inflammatory fish cytokines, and they play an important role in the immediate and early responses to bacterial infection by promoting phagocytosis, apoptosis, lymphocyte activation, and the migration of leucocytes (Buonocore et al 2005;Reyes-Cerpa et al 2013). The high level of IL-1β expression observed at 24 hpi in this study was similar to an observation in the splenic cells of Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua injected with inactivated V. anguillarum (Seppola et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Francisella Infection in Cultured Tilapia in Thailand and the Inflammatory Cytokine Response

Jantrakajorn

Wongtavatchai

2016

J Aqua Anim Hlth

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Francisella infections developed in freshwater Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and red tilapia Oreochromis spp. farms in Thailand during 2012-2014. The diseased fish were lethargic and pale in color and showed numerous white nodules in their enlarged spleens. Histopathological examination and electron microscopy suggested that the white nodules were multifocal granulomas consisting of coccobacilli within vacuolated cells. Isolation of Francisella-like bacteria was achieved from 42 of 100 samples, while polymerase chain reaction confirmed Francisella infections in all samples. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene from samples obtained from three different geographical culture areas revealed more than 99% similarity with F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis. The influence of Francisella infection on inflammatory cytokines was determined on splenic cells of fish intraperitoneally injected with the bacteria (0.8 × 10(5) colony-forming units per fish). Infected tilapia showed significantly greater expression of the pro-inflammatory genes interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α) within 24 h postinjection (hpi) and for up to 96 hpi. However, down-regulation of an anti-inflammatory gene, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was observed as early as 24 hpi. This investigation demonstrates that an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in response to the infection may account for the substantial number of granulomas in fish hematopoietic tissues that was found in the later stage of the disease. Received September 9, 2015; accepted December 13, 2015.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Francisella Infection in Cultured Tilapia in Thailand and the Inflammatory Cytokine Response

Jantrakajorn

Wongtavatchai

2016

J Aqua Anim Hlth

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“…Interestingly, the IL-6 gene showed no alterations of expression level compared to controls in this study. Considering the multifaceted and central role of IL-6 in a number of inflammatory conditions, including IBD [39], the results are not readily explained, but knowledge of IL-6 function and signaling is considered to be inadequate in fish at present [40]. Confirming earlier zebrafish-inflammatory studies [8] [9] [10] [41], the neutrophil-activating chemokineCxCL8 (IL-8) was significantly up-regulated in the TNBS groups after 72 hpi.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Comparison of Two Chemically-Induced Colitis-Models in Adult Zebrafish, Using Optical Projection Tomography and Novel Transcriptional Markers

Haarder¹,

Kania²,

Holm³

et al. 2016

OJI

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Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis-inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)-are chronic conditions with an inadequately understood pathogenesis. Employing a set of novel molecular markers in a gene expression assay (qPCR), we have used adult zebrafish to investigate two acute inflammatory models, induced by the haptenizing agents oxazolone and TNBS. In addition, goblet cell dynamics in the scales and intestine and 5-HT (serotonin) in intestinal tissues were investigated through optical projection tomography. Gene expression studies revealed a distinct and significant upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, acute-phase reactants and metalloprotease 9 in both chemical models, primarily after 72 hours. In comparison, transcription factors and cytokines associated with Th1 and Th17 (Crohn's) and Th2 (ulcerative colitis) were mainly not affected in this acute setting. However, elevated transcript levels were detected in Foxp3, IL-10 and T-bet, which are linked with tolerance and Tregs in mammals. Goblet cells in scales were depleted in both chemical models and in the intestine of oxazolone-treated fish. A marked 5-HT signal was noted in intestinal tissue of some chemically treated zebrafish. In conclusion, a distinct acute inflammatory reaction was induced in both chemical models. Further, oxazolone and TNBS did not result in clear-cut Th2 and Th1/Th17 pathway signaling at this early timepoint, but the applied molecular tools may provide further insight to the IBD pathogenesis and translational value of the IBD zebrafish model. How to cite this paper:

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“…Proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a and IL-1b mediate powerful inflammatory responses of fish after infection [14], while antiinflammatory cytokines such as TGF-b and IL-10 exert potent immunosuppressive effects predominantly through their multiple effects on T cells and B cells [62]. A number of probiotics can effectively modulate the expression of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in many animals [14,18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and characterization of Bacillus subtilis from grass carp (Ctenopharynodon idellus) for use as probiotic additives in aquatic feed

Guo

Chen

Kong

et al. 2016

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

117

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Fish Cytokines and Immune Response

Cited by 48 publications

References 328 publications

Francisella Infection in Cultured Tilapia in Thailand and the Inflammatory Cytokine Response

Francisella Infection in Cultured Tilapia in Thailand and the Inflammatory Cytokine Response

Comparison of Two Chemically-Induced Colitis-Models in Adult Zebrafish, Using Optical Projection Tomography and Novel Transcriptional Markers

Identification and characterization of Bacillus subtilis from grass carp (Ctenopharynodon idellus) for use as probiotic additives in aquatic feed

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