Fish granulocytes: Morphology, distribution, and function

Ainsworth, A. Jerald

doi:10.1016/0959-8030(92)90060-b

Cited by 149 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…The presence of MPO gene transcript, protein product, or cytochemical staining in granulocytes was reported in fish species from different families, indicating that this enzyme can be used as distinguishing characteristic of the myelopoietic lineage in teleost fishes [33,34]. Classification of granulocytes as neutrophils in Arctic grayling, cutthorat trout and June sucker is supported by the presence of the myeloperoxidase enzyme and is in accordance with hematology of other teleost species [8,23]. Eosinophilic granulocytes have been reported before in the blood of salmonids, including rainbow trout, and have been associated with histology of parasitic infections in catostomids [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Use of rapid cytochemical staining to characterize fish blood granulocytes in species of special concern and determine potential for function testing

Palić

Beck

Palić

et al. 2011

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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Studies of innate immunity in fish species of special concern are essential for better understanding of their health status during hatchery rearing conditions. The cytochemical and morphological characterizations of blood granulocytes have been used to provide information about phylogenetic differences and determine the potential use of neutrophil function assays. Rapid, simple, cytochemical staining kits used routinely for staining mammalian granulocytes have been used to characterize granulocytes from blood of four fish species: Arctic grayling, cutthroat trout, June sucker, and shovelnose sturgeon. Blood smears were stained with Peroxidase 391 (myeloperoxidase, MPO), alkaline phosphatase (AP), Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and Diffquick stain; examined using bright field and differential interference contrast microscopy. Granulocytes on blood smears were evaluated based on the cell morphology, and presence or absence of the specific chromogen. Presence of lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets/thrombocytes and granulocytes was determined in all fish species. Arctic grayling, June sucker, and cutthroat trout had MPO positive granulocytes, while shovelnose sturgeon heterophils had positive reaction for leukocyte AP, but not MPO. Presence of MPO indicated potential to measure oxidative burst and degranulation of neutrophil primary granules in Arctic grayling, cutthroat trout and June sucker. Absence of MPO in shovelnose sturgeon suggested use of different enzyme marker (AP) in degranulation assay for this species. Standardization of cytochemical techniques allowed forrapid screening of leukocyte types, reducing the number of fish, time and effort to select adequate neutrophil function assays to be used in studies of health status in species of special concern. KeywordsFish species of special concern, leukocyte morphology, cytochemical characterization, granulocyte function RightsWorks produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. b s t r a c tStudies of innate immunity in fish species of special concern are essential for better understanding of their health status during hatchery rearing conditions. The cytochemical and morphological characterizations of blood granulocytes have been used to provide information about phylogenetic differences and determine the potential use of neutrophil function assays. Rapid, simple, cytochemical staining kits used routinely for staining mammalian granulocytes have been used to characterize granulocytes from blood of four fish species: Arctic grayling, cutthroat trout, June sucker, and shovelnose sturgeon. Blood smears were stained with Peroxidase 391 (myeloperoxidase, MPO), alkaline phosphatase (AP), Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and Diff-quick stain; examined using bright field and differential interference contrast microscopy. Granulocytes on blood smears were evaluated based on the cell morphology, and presence or absence of the specific chromogen. Presence of ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Use of rapid cytochemical staining to characterize fish blood granulocytes in species of special concern and determine potential for function testing

Palić

Beck

Palić

et al. 2011

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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“…In fish, neutrophils and macrophages operate in infectious situations through processes essentially identical to those reported for mammals [1,24,36,[39][40][41]. Indeed, the interaction between neutrophils and macrophages in peritoneal inflammatory exudates in rainbow trout injected intraperitoneally with bacterial and non-bacterial phlogistic agents has been studied extensively by light and electron microscopy [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The biological effects of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) recombinant interleukin-8

Harun

Zou

Zhang

et al. 2008

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

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“…It has been shown in different fish species that circulating monocytes/ macrophages and granulocytes form an integral immune defense network capable of neutralizing a variety of invading pathogens and their secreted soluble factors by phagocytosis without prior activation ( Fig. 1) (Ainsworth, 1992;Secombes and Fletcher, 1992;Dannevig et al, 1994). However, it has also been shown that the activation of monocytes by LPS or opsonization of microorganisms through complement components or antibodies leads to increased phagocytosis (Gudmundsdottir et al, 1995;Solem et al, 1995).…”

Section: Phagocytosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of immune functions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)—how can environmental influences be detected?

et al. 2002

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In fish, the first line of defense against infectious microorganisms is based on a broad range of nonspecific humoral and cellular immune mechanisms ('innate immunity') which without prior specific activation can act in forming a more static barrier (Fish Shellfish Immunol. 10 (2000) 243; Dev. Comp. Immunol. 25 (2001) 827). This natural resistance is normally effective enough to protect fish from infectious diseases until specific immune responses are being induced ( Fig. 1; Dev. Comp. Immunol. 25 (2001) 841). Healthy fish exhibit both nonspecific and specific immune responses depending directly on environmental temperature. Pollution of the natural aquatic environment with industrial or agricultural sewage is an important immunosuppressing factor resulting in higher susceptibility to infectious diseases. To date, the possible immunotoxicity of a substance is evaluated using quantification of humoral factors like lysozyme, complement, C-reactive protein or total immunoglobulins but less often using functional assays. Furthermore, most of the functional assays (phagocytosis, respiratory burst, proliferative response) are based on the measurement of the response of resting but not of specific activated immune cells. However, the physiological responses of the immune system to an infection are based on a complex, stepwise activation and proliferation, especially of the specific immune functions after first contact to the microorganisms. In this report we describe in vitro methods for the evaluation of cellular immune functions of different leukocyte populations after specific in vivo triggering of the immune system. Parameters to be evaluated are activation and proliferation of leukocyte populations, phagocytosis and respiratory burst, secretion of antigen-specific antibodies and specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Furthermore, challenge models with bacterial (Aeromonas salmonicida) and viral pathogens (Viral Haemorrhagic Septicemia Virus, VHSV) are presented.

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Fish granulocytes: Morphology, distribution, and function

Cited by 149 publications

References 130 publications

Use of rapid cytochemical staining to characterize fish blood granulocytes in species of special concern and determine potential for function testing

Use of rapid cytochemical staining to characterize fish blood granulocytes in species of special concern and determine potential for function testing

The biological effects of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) recombinant interleukin-8

Evaluation of immune functions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)—how can environmental influences be detected?

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