Fish microsporidia: Immune response, immunomodulation and vaccination

Deforestation and Water Borne Parasitic Zoonoses

“…The most important genera are: Glugea, Pleistophora and Sprague. In freshwater fish and saltwater, the infection is highly contagious and can be fatal, the parasite is found in the intestine, bile ducts, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes, nerve ganglia, in the subcutaneous tissue, testes and ovaries (Rodriguez-Tovar et al,2011). We found cysts of Giardia were found in faecal samples from 2 prehensile-tailed porcupines (Coendou villosus) and Cryptoporidium oocysts in 3 rodents -montane akodont (Akodon montensis), ebony akodont (Thaptomyces nigrita) and guainan squirrel (Sciurus aestuans).…”

The Immune System Drugs in Fish: Immune Function, Immunoassay, Drugs

“…pleurocidin, epinecidin-1, dicentracin), ribosomal proteins, histone derivates (e.g. parasin, histon H2B, SAMP H1, oncorhyncins, hipposin), which widespread in nature as defence mechanism in plant and animals are also substances that have been identified in the tissue such as mucus, liver, skin and gills of some teleost species, including halibut and flounder (Alvarez-Pellitero, 2008;Aoki et al, 2008;Aranishi & Mano, 2000;Balfry & Higgs, 2001;Buonocore & Scapigliati, 2009;Cole et al, 1997;Ellis, 1999;Ellis, 2001;Galindo-Villegas & Hosokowa, 2004;Hølvold, 2007;Lemaître et al, 1996;Magnadóttir, 2006;Rodriguez-Tovar et al, 2011;Shoemarker et al, 2001;Smith & Fernandes, 2009;Smith et al, 2000;Tort et al, 2003;Whyte, 2007;Yano, 1996). In addition, in teleost fish, evaluating the complement system as a humoral component is an essential part of the innate immune systems, and can be activated through the two /or three pathways of complement; (1) the classical pathway such as specific immunoglobulin or IgM is triggered by binding of antibody to the cell surface but can also be activated by acute phase proteins such as ligand-bound CRP or directly by viruses, bacteria and virus-infected cells, (2) the alternative pathway such as bacteria cell wall and viral components or surface molecules of parasites is independent of antibody and activated directly by foreign microorganisms, (3) the lectin pathway is elicited by binding of a protein complex consisting mannose-binding lectins to mannans on bacterial cell surfaces.…”

“…It is commonly divided into 3 compartments: (1) physiochemical barriers and/or the epithelial and/or mucosal barrier such as scales, epithelial surface (on gills, skin and gut) with secreted mucus, (2) the humoral parameters such as cell secretions of complement, CRP, IFN, lysozyme, transferrin, lectins, antimicrobial peptides, and (3) the cellular components such as non-specific cytotoxic cells (or NK cells), monocytes/macrophages, thrombocytes, granulocytes (or neutrophils), lymphocytes (see Section 2) (Buonocore & Scapigliati, 2009;Jansson, 2002;Magnadóttir, 2010;Rodriguez-Tovar et al, 2011). The general term for these innate parameters is pattern recognition proteins or receptors.…”

“…Following activation by a specific antigen, either in soluble form or in association with the MHC marker on antigen presenting cells, the B-cells proliferate and differentiate into long lasting memory cells and plasma cells, which secrete the specific antibody. Also, T-cells, using a specific receptor, recognise pathogen only in association with the MHC marker on antigen presenting cells (Alvarez- Pellitero, 2008;Buonocore & Scapigliati, 2009;Galindo-Villegas & Hosokowa, 2004;Jansson, 2002;King et al, 2001;Magnadóttir, 2010;Rodriguez-Tovar et al, 2011). Effectively only one functional Ig class, a tetrameric IgM, is demonstrated in teleost fish, and these molecule is also made up of eight heavy (mu)-/and light (lambda)-chains.…”

“…For example, several substances, such as fumagilin and albendazole have been used in fish with potential value in controlling microsporidian infections. However, other drugs, like sulphaquinoxaline, amprolium and metronidazole have been ineffective to control the disease (Berker & Speare, 2007;Dykova, 2006;Rodriguez-Tovar et al, 2011). Most of similar drugs have ambiguous result and it is has been reported that high concentrations and prolonged treatment of infections with some drugs might cause side-effects.…”