Fish oil–derived n−3 PUFA therapy increases muscle mass and function in healthy older adults

Smith, Gordon I.; Julliand, Sophie; Reeds, Dominic N.; Sinacore, David R.; Klein, Samuel; Mittendorfer, Bettina

doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.105833

Cited by 390 publications

(442 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Studies in older adults have reported beneficial impacts of n-3 FA supplementation on reducing/reversing the loss of muscle mass and function over a 6 month intervention period (Smith et al, 2015), have demonstrated a modest improvement in muscle quality (torque per unit cross sectional area) in older females, or have demonstrated no benefit beyond training alone in older males (Da Boit et al, 2017). Other studies report no effect of n-3 FA intake on endurance exercise performance or recovery after 4-10 wk of training (Buckley et al, 2009;Guzman et al, 2011;Raastad et al, 1997;Walser & Stebbins, 2008), and no impact of n-3 FA intake on improvements in high intensity treadmill running capacity following 4 wk of training in recreationally active males and females (Huffman et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation During 4 Weeks of Training Leads to Improved Anaerobic Endurance Capacity, but not Maximal Strength, Speed, or Power in Soccer Players

Gravina¹,

Brown²,

Alexander³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) supplementation could promote adaptation to soccer-specific training. We examined the impact of a 4 wk period of n-3 FA supplementation during training on adaptations in 1RM knee extensor strength, 20m sprint speed, vertical jump power, and anaerobic endurance capacity (Yo-Yo test) in competitive soccer players. Twenty six soccer players were randomly assigned to one of two groups: n-3 FA supplementation (n-3 FA; n=13) or placebo (n=13). Both groups performed two experimental trial days. Assessments of physical function and respiratory function were conducted pre (PRE) and post (POST) supplementation. Training session intensity, competitive games and nutritional intake were monitored during the 4 wk period. No differences were observed in respiratory measurements (FEV1, FVC) between groups. No main effect of treatment was observed for 1RM knee extensor strength, explosive leg power, or 20 m sprint performance, but strength improved as a result of the training period in both groups (p<0.05). Yo-Yo test distance improved with training in the n-3 FA group only (p<0.01). The mean difference (95% CI) in YoYo test distance completed from PRE to POST was 203 (66 to 340) m for n-3 FA, and 62 (-94 to 217) m for placebo, with a moderate effect size (Cohen's d of 0.52). We conclude that 4 wk of n-3 FA supplementation does not improve strength, power or speed assessments in competitive soccer players. However, the increase in anaerobic endurance capacity evident only in the n-3 FA treatment group suggests an interaction that requires further study.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation During 4 Weeks of Training Leads to Improved Anaerobic Endurance Capacity, but not Maximal Strength, Speed, or Power in Soccer Players

Gravina¹,

Brown²,

Alexander³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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“…Smith et al [139] previously published novel evidence supporting the efficacy of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on its role in increasing muscle anabolic signalling activity and stimulating MPS above basal postabsorptive values in older adults. In a recently published RCT, Smith et al [140] further showed that a 6-month n-3 fatty acid intervention, without exercise, had statistical and clinically beneficial effects on attenuating sarcopenic symptomology by increasing thigh muscle volume (3.6%; 95% CI: 0.2-7.0%), hand-grip strength (2.3kg; 95% CI: 0.8-3.7kg) and upper/lower body 1-RM muscle strength (4.0%; 95% CI: 0.8-7.3%) (all p <0.05). Furthermore, Rodacki et al [141] previously reported that n-3 fatty acid supplementation augments exercise induced changes in muscle strength and physical performance.…”

Section: Underlying Mechanisms Underpinning the Potential Benefits Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the exact mechanisms being unclear, the investigators of these studies identified that the anabolic effects of n-3 fatty acids are independent of any significant influence on inflammation. Rather, they likely involve alterations in both anabolic and catabolic pathways, improved mitochondrial functioning and biogenesis, neuroprotection and motor-neuron excitability properties [139][140][141].…”

Section: Underlying Mechanisms Underpinning the Potential Benefits Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediterranean Diet attenuates risk of frailty and sarcopenia: New insights and future directions

McClure

Villani

2017

JCSM Clinical Reports

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Sarcopenia and physical frailty are associated with progressive disability and predictive of negative health outcomes. Dietary interventions are considered the cornerstone in the management of sarcopenic symptomology and physical frailty. However few studies have investigated preventative strategies. Moreover, most studies have focused on the efficacy of individual nutrients or supplements rather than dietary patterns. The Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is a dietary pattern that provides evidence for an association between diet quality, healthy ageing and disease prevention. The purpose of this paper was to examine, synthesise and develop a narrative review of the current literature, investigating the potential benefits associated with adherence to a MedDiet and attenuation of physical frailty and sarcopenic symptomology in older adults. We also explored the underlying mechanisms underpinning the potential benefits of the MedDiet on ameliorating physical frailty and sarcopenic symptomology. Synthesis of the reviewed literature is suggestive of a decreased risk of physical frailty and sarcopenic symptomology with greater adherence to a MedDiet. We identified the anti-inflammatory and high antioxidant components of the MedDiet as two potential biological mechanisms involved. Due to a lack of evidence from RCTs to support the proposed physiological mechanisms, we suggest investigating these observations in older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) whom are vulnerable to physical frailty and disability. A number of biological mechanisms describing the pathway to disability in older adults with T2DM have been postulated with many of these mechanisms potentially mitigated with dietary interventions involving the MedDiet. Exploring these mechanisms with the use of well-designed, longer-term dietary intervention studies in older adults with an increased vulnerability to physical frailty and sarcopenia is warranted.

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“…Therefore, it has been speculated that older adults with sarcopenia would also benefit from more omega-3 fatty acids consumption, since inflammation is one of the underlying pathophysiological events during the disease process [15,111]. Furthermore, it has been shown that the anabolic response of skeletal muscle to AA administration may be enhanced by combining with omega-3 fatty acids supplementation [15,117]. Smith et al [15] conducted a study with 16 healthy older adults, aged 65 years or more, to investigate whether supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids for 8 weeks had any impact on the rate of MPS and anabolic signaling.…”

Section: Omega-3 Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, consumptions of omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to improve muscle function by enhancing muscle strength and performance [117][118][119][120]. Another study by Smith et al [117] demonstrated that supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids [four 1 g pills per day, providing 1.86 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3)/day and 1.5 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3)/day] for 6 months not only increases thigh muscle volume, but also enhances hand grip strength and average isokinetic power [117]. Similarly, dietary assessments of nearly 3000 elderly men and women have shown positive associations between fatty fish consumption and grip strength in both genders [118].…”

Section: Omega-3 Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional supplementations and administration considerations for sarcopenia in older adults

Farshidfar

Shulgina

Myrie

2016

NUA

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Abstract. Sarcopenia is a progressive degenerative disorder affecting ≥40% of older adults over the age of 70 years. It is characterized by involuntary muscle loss leading to functional disability, weakness, and frailty in the elderly. Numerous mechanisms have been suggested as potential contributors to sarcopenia onset, including anorexia of aging, protein imbalances, and oxidative stress. While consensus preventive and management approaches for sarcopenia are not yet clearly defined, it is unquestionable that nutrition plays a critical role. This review focuses on the more widely studied, potent nutrients used to attenuate sarcopenia: protein/amino acids, vitamin D and calcium, antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids. In efforts to achieve optimum delivery of these nutrients to target tissues in older adults it is important to also consider the issue of compromised digestive system that occurs with aging, which will contribute to suboptimal nutrients absorption and utilization. Therefore, this review aims to summarize key sarcopenia-attenuating nutrients and to distinguish for each identified nutrient whether a dietary or a supplemental form is the most effective therapy for nutrient delivery in sarcopenic older adults.

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Fish oil–derived n−3 PUFA therapy increases muscle mass and function in healthy older adults

Cited by 390 publications

References 43 publications

n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation During 4 Weeks of Training Leads to Improved Anaerobic Endurance Capacity, but not Maximal Strength, Speed, or Power in Soccer Players

n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation During 4 Weeks of Training Leads to Improved Anaerobic Endurance Capacity, but not Maximal Strength, Speed, or Power in Soccer Players

Mediterranean Diet attenuates risk of frailty and sarcopenia: New insights and future directions

Nutritional supplementations and administration considerations for sarcopenia in older adults

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