Fishing, abundance and life history traits of the anadromous sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in Europe

Sea LampreyPetromyzon marinusBiology and Management Across Their Native and Invasive Ranges: Promoting Conservation by Knowledge Transfer

“…Mills et al, 2003;Cochran, 2009;Nislow and Kynard, 2009;Sousa et al, 2012;Guyette et al, 2014;Hogg et al, 2014 Economic values Through commercial exploitation for human food, as live foods in aquaculture, and as bait for sport fishing. Renaud, 1997;Beaulaton et al, 2008;Mateus et al, 2012;Foulds and Lucas, 2014 Threats to their native populations…”

“…Igoe et al, 2004;OSPAR Commission, 2009;Mateus et al, 2012;Pedro et al, 2014;Maitland et al, 2015 flowing into the Atlantic Ocean in Western Europe, especially in Iberian Peninsula (Mateus et al, 2012), France (Beaulaton et al, 2008), and United Kingdom 135 (Hardisty and Potter, 1971a). Coastal populations are generally lower and more sporadic in North Europe compared with Southwest Europe (ICES, 2005;Thiel et al, 2009).…”

“…Adults return from the sea to freshwater 145 between March and December when temperatures are between 10 and 19 C, with earlier migrations tending to occur at lower latitudes (Beamish, 1980;Malmqvist, 1980a;Andrade et al, 2007;Beaulaton et al, 2008). The adults are capable of migrating hundreds of kilometers 150 upstream into freshwater to find suitable spawning habitat, during which they do not feed (Beamish, 1980;Hardisty and Potter, 1971b); thus, migration, gonad maturation and spawning rely on energy reserves developed in the marine life phase (Beamish, 1980;Hansen et al, 155 2016).…”

“…At the end of the ammocoete phase, they metamorphose into adults (Hardisty and Potter, 1971b), and then emerge from the substrate and commence their migration to sea, usually 165 in late autumn or early winter, with completion by spring the following year, although this varies regionally (Malmqvist, 1978;Hansen et al, 2016). After typically spending 18 to 20 months at sea and attaining lengths generally of 60 to 90 cm, they commence their 170 upstream spawning migration (Beaulaton et al, 2008;Silva et al, 2013).…”

“…Since the 200 18th century, their exploitation has generally increased, with commercial exploitation now concentrated on populations in Southern Europe, such as in Portugal, Spain, and France (Beaulaton et al, 2008;Mateus et al, 2012). In addition to food, lamprey adults and ammocoetes…”