Fitness Costs of Chemical Defense in Plantago Lanceolata L.: Effects of Nutrient and Competition Stress

Marak, Hamida B.; Biere, Arjen; Damme, Jos M. M. Van

doi:10.1554/03-029

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Leaf carbon concentration was generally higher in the "high-IG line," while the carbon concentration in roots and the nitrogen concentration in roots and shoots were not affected by the plant line. As in previous studies (Marak et al 2003), plants from the "high-IG line" produced fewer flower stalks, but produced more root and leaf biomass than plants from the "low-IG line." Former studies also did not detect costs in terms of vegetative biomass for plants producing high levels of IG (Bowers and Stamp 1992;Adler et al 1995;Marak et al 2003).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…As in previous studies (Marak et al 2003), plants from the "high-IG line" produced fewer flower stalks, but produced more root and leaf biomass than plants from the "low-IG line." Former studies also did not detect costs in terms of vegetative biomass for plants producing high levels of IG (Bowers and Stamp 1992;Adler et al 1995;Marak et al 2003). After placing half of the experimental plants for more than 3 months in the field, the root and remaining leaf biomass of the plant lines did not differ and were not affected by the wireworm treatment anymore.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…After four generations, leaf IG concentrations of the "low-IG line" were in average twofold to fourfold lower than of the "high-IG," depending on environmental conditions (Marak et al 2000(Marak et al , 2003Biere et al 2004). The "low-IG" and "high-IG" full-sib families used in the current experiments were the offspring of crosses between two (self-incompatible) parents from the "low-IG line" and between two parents from the "high-IG line", respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Intraspecific Variation in Plant Defense Alters Effects of Root Herbivores on Leaf Chemistry and Aboveground Herbivore Damage

et al. 2008

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Root herbivores can indirectly affect aboveground herbivores by altering the food quality of the plant. However, it is largely unknown whether plant genotypes differ in their response to root herbivores, leading to variable defensive phenotypes. In this study, we investigated whether rootfeeding insect larvae (Agriotes sp. larvae, wireworms) induce different responses in Plantago lanceolata plants from lines selected for low and high levels of iridoid glycosides (IG). In the absence of wireworms, plants of the "high-IG line" contained approximately twofold higher levels of total IG and threefold higher levels of catalpol (one of the IG) in leaves than plants from the "low-IG line," whereas both lines had similar levels of IG in roots. In response to wireworms, roots of plants from both lines showed increased concentrations of catalpol. Leaves of "low-IG line" plants increased catalpol concentrations in response to wireworms, whereas catalpol concentrations of leaves of "high-IG line" plants decreased. In contrast, glucose concentrations in roots of "low-IG" plants decreased, while they increased in "high-IG" plants after feeding by wireworms. The leaf volatile profile differed between the lines, but was not affected by root herbivores. In the field, leaf damage by herbivores was higher in wireworm-induced compared to noninduced "low-IG" plants and lower in wireworm-induced compared to noninduced "high-IG" plants, despite induction of catalpol in leaves of the "low-IG" plants and reduction in "high-IG" plants. This pattern might arise if damage is caused mainly by specialist herbivores for which catalpol may act as feeding stimulant rather than as deterrent. The present study documents for the first time that intraspecific variation in plant defense affects the outcome of plant-mediated interactions between root and shoot herbivores.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Intraspecific Variation in Plant Defense Alters Effects of Root Herbivores on Leaf Chemistry and Aboveground Herbivore Damage

et al. 2008

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“…A1, Pearson correlation, n ϭ 7, r ϭ 0.79, p ϭ 0.02). We note here that total IGs content, and particularly for catalpol (data not shown), is low compared to previous published studies (ranging from 1 -7%) (Bowers et al 1992, Stamp and Bowers 1994, Marak et al 2003. We speculate this to be derived from a delayed processing of the fi eld-collected material.…”

Section: Natural Population Surveycontrasting

confidence: 53%

High elevation Plantago lanceolata plants are less resistant to herbivory than their low elevation conspecifics: is it just temperature?

et al. 2014

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Traits that mediate species interactions are evolutionarily shaped by biotic and abiotic drivers, yet we know relatively little about the relative importance of these factors. Herbivore pressure, along with resource availability and 'third-party' mutualists, are hypothesized to play a major role in the evolution of plant defence traits. Here, we used the model system Plantago lanceolata, which grows along steep elevation gradients in the Swiss Alps, to investigate the effect of elevation, herbivore pressure, mycorrhizal inoculation and temperature on plant resistance. Over a 1200 m elevation gradient, the levels of herbivory and iridoid glycosides (IGs) declined with increasing elevation. By planting seedlings at three different elevations, we further showed that both low-elevation growing conditions and mycorrhizal inoculation resulted in increased plant resistance to herbivores. Finally, using a temperature-controlled experiment comparing highand low-elevation ecotypes, we showed that high-elevation ecotypes are less resistant to herbivory, and that lower temperatures impair IGs deployment after herbivore attack. We thus propose that both lower herbivore pressure, and colder temperatures relax the defense syndrome of high elevation plants.

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“…A popular hypothesis concerning Þtness costs is that they are magniÞed by environmental stress (Bergelson 1994, Marak et al 2003, Raymond et al 2005, Hardstone et al 2009). If true this would provide a simple strategy for designing refuges that maximize Þtness costs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Four Nematode Species on Fitness Costs of Pink Bollworm Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry1Ac

et al. 2010

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Evolution of resistance by pests can reduce the efficacy of transgenic crops that produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt). In conjunction with refuges of non-Bt host plants, fitness costs can delay the evolution of resistance. Furthermore, fitness costs often vary with ecological conditions, suggesting that agricultural landscapes can be manipulated to magnify fitness costs and thereby prolong the efficacy of Bt crops. In the current study, we tested the effects of four species of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) on the magnitude and dominance of fitness costs of resistance to Bt toxin CrylAc in pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). For more than a decade, field populations of pink bollworm in the United States have remained susceptible to Bt cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. producing CrylAc; however, we used laboratory strains that had a mixture of susceptible and resistant individuals. In laboratory experiments, dominant fitness costs were imposed by the nematodeSteinernema riobrave Cabanillas, Poinar, and Raulston but no fitness costs were imposed bySteinernema carpocapsae Weiser, Steinernema sp. (ML18 strain), or Heterorhabditis sonorensis Stock, Rivera-Orduño, and Flores-Lara. In computer simulations, evolution of resistance to CrylAc by pink bollworm was substantially delayed by treating some non-Bt cotton refuge fields with nematodes that imposed a dominant fitness cost, similar to the cost observed in laboratory experiments with S. riobrave. Based on the results here and in related studies, we conclude that entomopathogenic nematodes could bolster insect resistance management, but the success of this approach will depend on selecting the appropriate species of nematode and environment, as fitness costs were magnified by only two of five species evaluated and also depended on environmental factors. RightsWorks produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. ABSTRACT Evolution of resistance by pests can reduce the efÞcacy of transgenic crops that produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt). In conjunction with refuges of non-Bt host plants, Þtness costs can delay the evolution of resistance. Furthermore, Þtness costs often vary with ecological conditions, suggesting that agricultural landscapes can be manipulated to magnify Þtness costs and thereby prolong the efÞcacy of Bt crops. In the current study, we tested the effects of four species of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) on the magnitude and dominance of Þtness costs of resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). For more than a decade, Þeld populations of pink bollworm in the United States have remained susceptible to Bt cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. producing Cry1Ac; however,...

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Fitness Costs of Chemical Defense in Plantago Lanceolata L.: Effects of Nutrient and Competition Stress

Cited by 14 publications

References 55 publications

Intraspecific Variation in Plant Defense Alters Effects of Root Herbivores on Leaf Chemistry and Aboveground Herbivore Damage

Intraspecific Variation in Plant Defense Alters Effects of Root Herbivores on Leaf Chemistry and Aboveground Herbivore Damage

High elevation Plantago lanceolata plants are less resistant to herbivory than their low elevation conspecifics: is it just temperature?

Effects of Four Nematode Species on Fitness Costs of Pink Bollworm Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Cry1Ac

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