Fitness costs of intrinsic competition in two egg parasitoids of a true bug

Cusumano, Antonino; Peri, Ezio; Boivin, Guy; Colazza, Stefano

doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.07.003

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Eggs were fixed to white filter paper with white, nontoxic glue (LePage). Negative fitness effects of intraspecific superparasitism on offspring were unlikely because (1) patch guarding behaviour of this species reduces superparasitism levels (Field, ) and (2) fitness effects of intraspecific superparasitism in this superfamily of parasitoids are negligible (Abram et al ., ; Cusumano et al ., ). After exposure to parasitoids, eggs were incubated under standard rearing conditions (16 : 8 h light/dark cycle at 24 ± 1 °C and 50% relative humidity) until parasitoid emergence.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Size-induced phenotypic reaction norms in a parasitoid wasp: an examination of life-history and behavioural traits

Abram

Parent

Brodeur

et al. 2015

Biol. J. Linn. Soc.

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The amount of resources available during development often affects body size, causing phenotypic variation in life-history traits and reproductive behaviours. However, past studies have seldom examined the reaction norms of both life-history and behavioural traits versus body size. We measured the phenotypic plasticity of several lifehistory (age-specific egg load, egg size, longevity) and behavioural (oviposition rate, host marking rate, walking speed) traits of the egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in response to body size variation. We predicted that life-history traits would show more evidence of size compensation than behavioural traits, resulting in fewer positively-sloped size versus trait reaction norms among the former. As predicted by life-history models, smaller wasps appear to shift resource allocation towards early-life reproduction, having a similar egg load to large individuals 9 days after emergence. Surprisingly, longevity was unaffected by body size. However, egg size, the number of offspring produced during oviposition bouts, and the rate of subsequent egg synthesis were greater for larger individuals. In addition, as predicted, the reaction norms of behavioural traits versus body size were all positively sloped. Thus, despite possible adaptive compensatory plasticity of life-history traits by small individuals, behavioural constraints directly related to body size would contribute to maintaining a positive size-fitness relationship.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Size-induced phenotypic reaction norms in a parasitoid wasp: an examination of life-history and behavioural traits

Abram

Parent

Brodeur

et al. 2015

Biol. J. Linn. Soc.

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“…This reduction in size is probably due to changes in host quality caused by scramble competition, resulting in lower resources available for immatures to consume (Cusumano et al, 2015). In short superparasitism time intervals, winning parasitoids, from either the first or the second clutch, were 5.1% smaller than control individuals, and thus had an expected reduced fitness.…”

Section: Survival Of the Second Clutch In Short Superparasitism Time mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In short superparasitism time intervals, winning parasitoids, from either the first or the second clutch, were 5.1% smaller than control individuals, and thus had an expected reduced fitness. This reduction in size is probably due to changes in host quality caused by scramble competition, resulting in lower resources available for immatures to consume (Cusumano et al, 2015). Longer intervals (17-19 h and 27-29 h) allowed the first clutch to hatch prior to the second clutch and to monopolise all resources, with no size reduction being detected in emerging adults.…”

Section: Survival Of the Second Clutch In Short Superparasitism Time mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of superparasitism time intervals on progeny survival and fitness of an egg parasitoid

Duval

Brodeur

Doyon

et al. 2018

Ecological Entomology

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1.Superparasitism influences the fitness of female parasitoids and their progeny, and increasing time interval between oviposition bouts generally reduces survival probabilities of the second clutch. However, the timing of superparasitism may, under certain conditions, favour the second clutch.2. This study investigated the effects of superparasitism time intervals on survival and fitness of both clutches, allowing the egg parasitoid Trichogramma euproctidis to parasitise previously parasitised Ephestia kuehniella host eggs at different time intervals.3. In short intervals (0-1 h), a significant advantage was found for the second clutch over the first clutch (93.1% survival). In contrast, the second clutch was outcompeted by the first clutch in 17-19 h and 27-29 h intervals. Females deposited their eggs into larvae (intraspecific hyperparasitism) in a 39-41 h interval with a probability of survival of 57.1%. Females mostly refused to hyperparasitise pupae (∼80% rejection at 124-126 h), and when they did, their progeny never survived. 4. Hyperparasitism significantly increased parasitoid mortality in both clutches from less than 20% (superparasitism only) to over 35%.5. Except on newly laid eggs (0-1 h), superparasiting females were frequently observed attempting to stab immatures of all stages (from 36.4% to 89.4% of all ovipositions depending on treatment), but infanticide only appeared to succeed on larvae (39-41 h).6. When the second clutch survived, emerging parasitoids were smaller than control individuals, probably due to resource depletion. 7. These results suggest that T. euproctidis females can detect that a host has been previously parasitised but they cannot perceive superparasitism time intervals.

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“…Despite this reproduction improvement in case of double infestation, the effect of competition on the reproduction of the mite could still appear at higher densities of foundresses (Donzé et al 1996) or even in doubly infested cells on more subtle aspects of the parasite cycle. The size and fertility of the progeny may be impacted by the competition experienced early in their life, as in the case of parasitoids (Cusumano et al 2015). The analysis of the mites' daughters in relation to the infestation treatment during their larval development could thus be an interesting path to investigate.…”

Section: Impact Of Double Infestation and Optimization Of The Reproductive Successmentioning

confidence: 99%

Varroa destructor rearing in laboratory conditions: importance of foundress survival in doubly infested cells and reproduction of laboratory-born females

Piou

Vétillard

2020

Apidologie

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A considerable part of the knowledge about the honey bee parasite Varroa destructor emerged from rearing protocols in semi-natural or laboratory conditions, yet a durable protocol over several generations of mites is still lacking. The development of such multigenerational rearing relies on the emergence of a sufficient number of new fertile females in the first generation of V. destructor . The optimization of the parasite's reproductive success in laboratory conditions thus represents an important prerequisite. The number of foundress mites in a cell is known to impact the probability of male survival and thus the number of mated daughters. We therefore investigated the effect of the degree of bee larvae infestation under laboratory conditions. The results showed that the probability of finding at least one foundress alive at the end of the rearing was significantly higher in doubly infested cells. This leads to the improvement of the reproductive parameters and more specifically of the number of daughters per mite. In doubly infested cells with one dead foundress, the presence of a surviving female would in fact allow both its descendants and those of the dead mite to complete their development. The mated daughters from this system were used in a subsequent experiment to test their ability to complete their reproductive cycle in laboratory conditions, from the perspective of developing a multigenerational rearing. The reproduction and development of the offspring measured were similar to those of the first generation. However, many of the females from the second generation died before the completion of their first reproductive cycle. We suggest that these females are fertile but might lack the energy necessary to survive throughout reproduction. The results from our bioassay could constitute a basis for the development of a durable V. destructor laboratory rearing and for the improvement of our understanding of the parasite's reproductive cycle.

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Fitness costs of intrinsic competition in two egg parasitoids of a true bug

Cited by 15 publications

References 37 publications

Size-induced phenotypic reaction norms in a parasitoid wasp: an examination of life-history and behavioural traits

Size-induced phenotypic reaction norms in a parasitoid wasp: an examination of life-history and behavioural traits

Impact of superparasitism time intervals on progeny survival and fitness of an egg parasitoid

Varroa destructor rearing in laboratory conditions: importance of foundress survival in doubly infested cells and reproduction of laboratory-born females

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