Fitts’ law when errors are not allowed: Quantification of reciprocating trajectories and estimating information processing

Murakami, Hiroki; Yamada, Norimasa

doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103418

Cited by 7 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 31 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The participant was instructed to tap two targets alternately, as accurately and quickly as possible, for 15 s. In addition, following our previous study [ 12 ], the error rate of the tap was controlled to 0% by setting the target as a 15 mm table. The participant did not receive any instructions regarding their body posture.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The error rates for each trial were calculated using the same definition as that of Fitts [ 1 , 11 ]. This was done to check whether the error rate was controlled at 0%, as in a previous study [ 12 ]. The errors in each trial were visually checked by the experimenter and confirmed using the captured data.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using the time-series coordinates in the x -axis direction regarding the direction of movement, the velocity and acceleration were calculated by first- and second-order differentiation, respectively, and both were smoothed with a cutoff frequency of 3 Hz. The local extreme values in Fitts’ experiment [ 12 , 17 , 18 ], i.e., peak velocity, peak acceleration, and peak deceleration (ID6), were calculated as the percentage of each MT. The characteristics of local extreme values of acceleration or deceleration differed for each ID.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, in this analysis, the value of the information entropy is zero if the coordinates of all taps in 100 trials fall within the same cubic space (encoded in the same value). In our previous study [ 12 ], the error rate was controlled to 0% when a height-added table was used for the target. Therefore, the entropy at the target endpoint was theoretically expected to be zero.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a different vein, our previous study [ 12 ], using trajectories toward the target in Fitts’ experimental paradigm as the topic of analysis, showed that the values (variation values) quantified by principal component analysis for the three-dimensional coordinates corresponding to any time point in the trajectory gradually decreased toward the target. We thought that since Fitts’ original study [ 1 ] did not fully control for the possibility of deviation from the target that occurred during the trial and also reported that a 4% error was allowed to occur [ 13 ], it was necessary to study this in an environment where the error was controlled to 0%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Estimating Information Processing of Human Fast Continuous Tapping from Trajectories

Murakami

Yamada

2022

Entropy

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Fitts studied the problem of information capacity and transfer in the speed–accuracy motor paradigm using a theoretical approach developed from Shannon and Weaver’s information theory. The information processing (bit/s) estimated in Fitts’ study is calculated from the movement time required to achieve the required task index of difficulty but is essentially different from Shannon’s information entropy. Thus, we estimated the information entropy of multiple human movement trajectories and the mutual information among trajectories for the continuous aiming task in Fitts’ paradigm. Further, we estimated the information processing moment by moment. Two methods were considered: (1) encoded values encompassing the coordinates of the three dimensions and (2) coordinate values associated with each direction in the three dimensions. Information entropy indicates the magnitude of variation at each time point, and the structure of this variation varies with the index of difficulty. The ratio of entropy to mutual information was examined, and it was found that information was processed from the first half of the trajectory in difficult tasks. In addition, since these values calculated from the encoded method were higher than those from the conventional method, this method may be able to estimate these values successfully.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%