Five factor model of schizophrenia: replication across samples

Lindenmayer, Jean-Pierre; Grochowski, Sandra; Hyman, Ruth Bernstein

doi:10.1016/0920-9964(94)00041-6

Cited by 302 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Parallel analysis (Horn, 1965) of the polychoric correlation matrix for the schizophrenia sample using all 30 PANSS items identified eight factors, with the final three being weak. In keeping with prior analyses of the PANSS (Lindenmayer et al, 1995), only five factors were used in subsequent analyses. This 30-item Oblimin-rotated model had the following symptom domains within schizophrenia:

Negative= Blunted Affect + Emotional Withdrawal + Poor Rapport + Passive Apathetic Social Withdrawal + Lack of Spontaneity and Flow of Conversation + Motor Retardation + Active Social Avoidance + Disturbance of Volition

Positive= Delusions + Hallucinatory Behavior + Grandiosity + Suspiciousness Persecution + Unusual Thought Content + Preoccupation

Disorganized = Stereotyped Thinking + Lack of Judgment and Insight + Conceptual Disorganization + Difficulty in Abstract Thinking + Mannerisms and Posturing + Poor Attention + Disturbance of Volition+ Preoccupation + Disorientation

Excited = Poor Impulse Control + Excitement + Hostility + Uncooperativeness

Anxiety = Anxiety + Depression + Tension + Guilt Feelings + Somatic Concern

From the original Oblimin-rotated from loading matrix in schizophrenia (Anderson et al, 2015), a target matrix of equal dimension was constructed (Browne, 2001) to identify factor structures that were most likely to correspond across the three diagnostic samples.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring pathology using the PANSS across diagnoses: Inconsistency of the positive symptom domain across schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and bipolar disorder

Anderson

Mansolf

Reise

et al. 2017

Psychiatry Research

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Although the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was developed for use in schizophrenia (SZ), antipsychotic drug trials use the PANSS to measure symptom change also for bipolar (BP) and schizoaffective (SA) disorder, extending beyond its original indications. If the dimensions measured by the PANSS are different across diagnoses, then the same score change for the same drug condition may have different meanings depending on which group is being studied. Here, we evaluated whether the factor structure in the PANSS was consistent across schizophrenia (n = 3647), bipolar disorder (n = 858), and schizoaffective disorder (n = 592). Along with congruency coefficients, Hancock's H, and Jaccard indices, we used target rotations and statistical tests of invariance based on confirmatory factor models. We found the five symptom dimensions measured by the 30-item PANSS did not generalize well to schizoaffective and bipolar disorders. A model based on an 18-item version of the PANSS generalized better across SZ and BP groups, but significant problems remained in generalizing some of the factors to the SA sample. Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder showed greater similarity in factor structure than did schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. The Anxiety/Depression factor was the most consistent across disorders, while the Positive factor was the least consistent.

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Positive= Delusions + Hallucinatory Behavior + Grandiosity + Suspiciousness Persecution + Unusual Thought Content + Preoccupation

Excited = Poor Impulse Control + Excitement + Hostility + Uncooperativeness

Anxiety = Anxiety + Depression + Tension + Guilt Feelings + Somatic Concern

…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring pathology using the PANSS across diagnoses: Inconsistency of the positive symptom domain across schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and bipolar disorder

Anderson

Mansolf

Reise

et al. 2017

Psychiatry Research

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“…Each item was scored on a 1 (absent symptom) to 7 (extreme symptom) Likert scale. Five factor scores were calculated for the PANSS, i.e., Negative symptoms, Excitement, Cognition, Positive symptoms, and Depression (Bell et al, 1994; Lindenmayer et al, 1994, 1995). In the current study, Cronbach’s α for each subscale was as follows: Negative symptoms = 0.87, Excitement = 0.64, Cognition = 0.69, Positive symptoms = 0.70, and Depression = 0.67.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motivational and Behavioral Activation as an Adjunct to Psychiatric Rehabilitation for Mild to Moderate Negative Symptoms in Individuals with Schizophrenia: A Proof-of-Concept Pilot Study

2016

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Few psychosocial approaches address the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, which shares common features with depression and anxiety. Behavioral activation (BA) is effective for addressing depression and anxiety in adults with various mental disorders. Motivational interviewing (MI) has been successfully applied to address ambivalence or lack of motivation toward treatment. Motivational and behavioral activation (mBA) has been developed by incorporating the core principles from BA and MI with recent findings on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. In this study, we aimed to examine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of mBA in a non-randomized controlled pilot study that included individuals with schizophrenia with mild to moderate negative symptoms receiving psychiatric rehabilitation. A total of 73 individuals with schizophrenia were recruited. Forty-seven of the participants who met the study inclusion and exclusion criteria were assigned to either an mBA + usual psychiatric rehabilitation group (mBA) or a usual psychiatric rehabilitation only group (treatment as usual, TAU). Administering mBA to individuals with schizophrenia with mild to moderate negative symptoms was feasible in a community mental health setting. Relative to TAU, mBA was associated with large effects in reducing negative symptoms measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS). However, after considering PANSS cognitive deficits and marital status as covariates due to significant differences in their baseline levels, the treatment effects on the BNSS were partially observed. In addition, participants in the mBA group showed improved verbal learning and memory compared with those in the TAU group. In individuals with schizophrenia receiving the usual forms of psychiatric rehabilitation in a community mental health setting, mBA appears to offer a promising adjunctive approach for addressing mild to moderate negative symptoms. Further investigations are needed to replicate the current findings in a randomized controlled trial.

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“…BDD and OCD groups only also completed the Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale (BABS) (Eisen et al, 1998) and the Peters’ Delusional Inventory (PDI) (Peters et al, 1999) to assess insight and delusionality, in addition to the Y-BOCS and BDD-YBOCS as noted above. Symptoms were assessed for the SCZ group with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)(Kay et al, 1987) which was scored using a 5 factor model that included orthogonal factors for positive, negative, cognitive, depression, and excitement symptoms (Lindenmayer et al, 1994a, b; Lindenmayer et al, 1995a, b. We also derived a separate disorganization factor (Cuesta and Peralta, 1995), and focused specifically on item P2, conceptual disorganization, given prior observed relationships between reduced PO, including CI, and reduced thought organization in SCZ (Uhlhaas and Silverstein, 2005; Silverstein and Keane, 2011).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of visual perceptual organization in schizophrenia and body dysmorphic disorder

Silverstein

Elliott

Feusner

et al. 2015

Psychiatry Research

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People with schizophrenia are impaired at organizing potentially ambiguous visual information into well-formed shape and object representations. This perceptual organization (PO) impairment has not been found in other psychiatric disorders. However, recent data on body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), suggest that BDD may also be characterized by reduced PO. Similarities between these groups could have implications for understanding the RDoC dimension of visual perception in psychopathology, and for modeling symptom formation across these two conditions. We compared patients with SCZ (n=24) to those with BDD (n=20), as well as control groups of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients (n=20) and healthy controls (n=20), on two measures of PO that have been reliably associated with schizophrenia-related performance impairment. On both the contour integration and Ebbinghaus illusion tests, only the SCZ group demonstrated abnormal performance relative to controls; the BDD group performed similarly to the OCD and CON groups. In addition, on both tasks, the SCZ group performed more abnormally than the BDD group. Overall, these data suggest that PO reductions observed in SCZ are not present in BDD. Visual processing impairments in BDD may arise instead from other perceptual disturbances or attentional biases related to emotional factors.

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Five factor model of schizophrenia: replication across samples

Cited by 302 publications

References 10 publications

Measuring pathology using the PANSS across diagnoses: Inconsistency of the positive symptom domain across schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and bipolar disorder

Measuring pathology using the PANSS across diagnoses: Inconsistency of the positive symptom domain across schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and bipolar disorder

Motivational and Behavioral Activation as an Adjunct to Psychiatric Rehabilitation for Mild to Moderate Negative Symptoms in Individuals with Schizophrenia: A Proof-of-Concept Pilot Study

Comparison of visual perceptual organization in schizophrenia and body dysmorphic disorder

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