Five-Week, Low–Glycemic Index Diet Decreases Total Fat Mass and Improves Plasma Lipid Profile in Moderately Overweight Nondiabetic Men

Abstract

OBJECTIVE -To evaluate whether a 5-week low-glycemic index (LGI) diet versus a highglycemic index (HGI) diet can modify glucose and lipid metabolism as well as total fat mass in nondiabetic men.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -In this study, 11 healthy men were randomly allocated to 5 weeks of an LGI or HGI diet separated by a 5-week washout interval in a crossover design. RESULTS -TheLGI diet resulted in lower postprandial plasma glucose and insulin profiles and areas under the curve (AUCs) than the HGI diet. A 5-week period of the LGI diet lowered plasma triacylglycerol excursion after lunch (AUC, P Ͻ 0.05 LGI vs. HGI). These modifications were associated with a decrease in the total fat mass by ϳ700 g (P Ͻ 0.05) and a tendency to increase lean body mass (P Ͻ 0.07) without any change in body weight. This decrease in fat mass was accompanied by a decrease in leptin, lipoprotein lipase, and hormone-sensitive lipase RNAm quantities in the subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (P Ͻ 0.05).CONCLUSIONS -We concluded that 5 weeks of an LGI diet ameliorates some plasma lipid parameters, decreases total fat mass, and tends to increase lean body mass without changing body weight. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in the expression of some genes implicated in lipid metabolism. Such a diet could be of benefit to healthy, slightly overweight subjects and might play a role in the prevention of metabolic diseases and their cardiovascular complications. Diabetes Care 25:822-828, 2002T he insulin-resistance syndrome is a major risk factor for abnormal carbohydrate metabolism and atherosclerotic and coronary heart diseases (1). Recent prospective studies have incriminated the high-glycemic index (HGI) diet in the genesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (2). High postprandial plasma glucose and insulin excursions are assumed by some authors (3) to be independent predictors of risk for atherosclerotic diseases. Epidemiological evidence shows that the relationship between plasma glucose concentrations and cardiovascular diseases extends well below the glucose level defined for diabetes and even for impaired glucose tolerance. Therefore, interventions to reduce postprandial glycemia in the normal population could reduce the risk of developing atherosclerotic heart disease and/or diabetes. Dietary intervention might be one of the major approaches in diabetic patients' care, but it might even be useful in normal nondiabetic individuals.In diabetic subjects, the chronic consumption of a low-glycemic index (LGI) diet is generally found to improve plasma glucose and lipid profiles (4). In clinical practice, however, the chronic use of LGI foods is still questioned (5).In nondiabetic subjects, few data exist on the effects of short-and long-term consumption of LGI foods (6 -8). Behall et al. (6) demonstrated that an LGI diet resulted in a decrease in both glycemic area under the curve (AUC) and plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. Most of these studies, with one exception (8), have demonstrated beneficial effe...

Whole-grain consumption, dietary fibre intake and body mass index in the Netherlands cohort study

“…Short-term studies in humans showed lower satiety, increased hunger or higher voluntary food intake in subjects consuming high compared to low GI meals (Ludwig, 2002;Roberts et al, 2002). Weight loss in obese hyperinsulinaemic women was higher in those consuming an energy restricted low compared to high glycaemic diet for 12 weeks (Slabber et al, 1994), and in men lower adiposity was found after consumption of an energy-restricted low glycaemic diet for 5 weeks (Bouche et al, 2002). Although these were all shortterm findings in mostly obese subjects, this mechanism may play a role in normal subjects to maintain normal weight over a longer period.…”

Dietary fiber intake, dietary glycemic index and load, and body mass index: a cross-sectional study of 3931 Japanese women aged 18–20 years

“…Several ad libitum trials conducted on nondiabetic subjects have suggested a beneficial effect of low-GI diet on fat mass (Bouche et al, 2002) and body weight (Bouche et al, 2002;Sloth et al, 2004), when compared with high-GI diet, although other trials conducted on subjects with type II diabetes have found no differences in body weight change between high-and low-GI diets (Heilbronn et al, 2002;Jimenez-Cruz et al, 2003;Rizkalla et al, 2004). Additionally, although there has been no association between dietary GI and GL and BMI in some studies (Amano et al, 2004;Liese et al, 2005), other observational studies have shown a positive association between dietary GI, but not dietary GL and BMI Murakami et al, 2006b).…”

“…In contrast, intake of dietary fiber (unavailable carbohydrate) has been shown to be independently negatively associated with a measure of obesity in several (Appleby et al, 1998;Ludwig et al, 1999;Liu et al, 2003;Sasaki et al, 2003;Spencer et al, 2003;Howarth et al, 2005;Liese et al, 2005), but not all (Stookey, 2001), observational studies. Although high dietary fiber intake is often correlated with low dietary GI and/or GL (Howarth et al, 2001;Bouche et al, 2002;Scholl et al, 2004;Schulze et al, 2004;Sloth et al, 2004;Schulz et al, 2005), few observational studies have examined these dietary factors simultaneously in relation to a measure of obesity, especially in non-Western populations (Toeller et al, 2001;Amano et al, 2004;Sahyoun et al, 2005). Clearly, additional studies are needed on the effects of these dietary factors on the development of obesity.…”

Regular intake of high-oleic peanuts improves fat oxidation and body composition in overweight/obese men pursuing a energy-restricted diet

“…This is an important distinction because a reduction in body fat accompanied by an increment in FFM can result in minor difference in weight yet hold important health benefits (29)(30)(31)(32). Besides, differences in body fat distribution (peripheral and central) may have different impacts on metabolic parameters (11,13,33,34).…”