Five-year change in morale is associated with negative life events in very old age

Näsman, Marina; Niklasson, Johan; Saarela, Jan; Nygård, Mikael; Conradsson, Mia; Lövheim, Hugo; Gustafson, Yngve; Nyqvist, Fredrica

doi:10.1080/13607863.2017.1393795

Cited by 11 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Importantly, since both social and health-related as well as sociodemographic factors can influence loneliness (e.g., [52]), the underlying causes should be examined in order to be able to provide individually adapted support. Furthermore, since having gone through a crisis in life was associated with lower morale in all age groups, this study support the results of Näsman et al [17], who highlighted the need of provision of support when a negative life event has occurred in order to prevent a decrease in morale.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Morale in Old Age and Its Association with Sociodemographic, Social, and Health-Related Factors in Different Age Groups

Näsman

Niklasson

Saarela

et al. 2020

Journal of Aging Research

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Morale can be viewed as a future-oriented optimism or pessimism regarding challenges associated with aging and is closely related to subjective well-being. Promoting morale in old age could be considered to have important implications for aging well, and increased knowledge about morale in different stages of old age is needed. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with morale in different age groups among old people. Data were derived from a survey conducted in 2016, as a part of the Gerontological Regional Database (GERDA). The sample consisted of 9,047 individuals aged between 65 and 86 years from Ostrobothnia and Southern Ostrobothnia in Finland, and Västerbotten in Sweden. Morale was measured with the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale (PGCMS) and regressed upon a number of sociodemographic, social, and health-related factors using linear regression analyses. The results showed that older age was an independent factor explaining lower level of morale. Additionally, the sociodemographic, social, and health-related variables could explain a large proportion of the variance in morale. Perceived loneliness, having gone through a crisis in life, poor self-rated health, and depression were associated with lower morale, and sleeping well with higher morale, in all age groups. Furthermore, the oldest age groups seem to be more exposed to several risk factors of lower morale identified in this study. Multidimensional interventions targeting especially social and mental health and the oldest-old could therefore be recommended.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Morale in Old Age and Its Association with Sociodemographic, Social, and Health-Related Factors in Different Age Groups

Näsman

Niklasson

Saarela

et al. 2020

Journal of Aging Research

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“…To be included in the present study, the respondents needed to have completed a 5-year follow-up, with baseline (T1) data from 2000 to 2002, 2005 to 2007, or 2010 and follow-up (T2) data from 2005 to 2007, 2010 to 2012, or 2015. Further, having high morale (≥ 13 points in the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale, PGCMS) at T1 and having answered 12 items or more in the PGCMS at both T1 and T2 (Niklasson et al 2017;Näsman et al 2019) were also criteria needed to be fulfilled for inclusion in the study. Figure 1 gives an overview of how the study sample was selected.…”

Section: Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It seems thus that high morale in very old age has some salutogenic features. At the same time, people with high morale are also more prone to have a decrease in morale over time, which make them interesting for a study focusing on changes (Näsman et al 2019). By identifying risk factors for decreasing morale, preventive measures and interventions focusing on the main risk factors can be developed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Especially to individuals aged 85 years and older, when changes in the life situation is likely to occur, studies of social and health-related changes in relation to changes in morale is of high relevance. Thus far, only a few studies (Klotz et al 2018;Näsman et al 2019;Scott and Butler 1997) have focused on decreasing morale and associated factors longitudinally. One of the studies focused on very old age, and included a sample with a mean age of 87 years at baseline (Näsman et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus far, only a few studies (Klotz et al 2018;Näsman et al 2019;Scott and Butler 1997) have focused on decreasing morale and associated factors longitudinally. One of the studies focused on very old age, and included a sample with a mean age of 87 years at baseline (Näsman et al 2019). In this study, negative life events seemed to have a cumulative negative effect on changes in morale over 5 years, i.e., the risk of a decrease in morale increased with the number of negative life events experienced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk factors for a decrease in high morale in very old people over a 5-year period: data from two Nordic countries

et al. 2019

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High morale could be considered to be an essential part of aging well and increased knowledge of how to prevent a decrease in high morale in very old age could have important implications for policy, and social and health care development. The objective was to identify social and health-related risk factors for a decrease in morale over 5 years in very old people among those with high morale at baseline. The study is based on data derived from the Umeå85+/GERDA study conducted in Northern Sweden and Western Finland. The final sample consisted of 174 individuals who were 85 years and older at baseline and who had completed the follow-up 5 years later. Morale was measured with The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale (PGCMS). A set of social and health-related variables were used to test which factors were associated with a decrease in morale over 5 years. Linear regression was used for the multivariable analyses. The sample had a mean change of − 1.3 (SD = 2.5) in PGCMS scores from T1 to T2. The results from the regression analyses showed that development of depressive disorders, increased feelings of loneliness and the death of a child during the follow-up period were associated with a decrease in morale. The results from our study indicate that preventing the development of depressive disorders and increasing loneliness are key factors in preventing a decrease in high morale. Additionally, very old people who have recently lost an adult child should receive adequate psychosocial support.

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Accepting the inevitable: A mixed method approach with assessment and perceptions of well-being in very old persons within the northern Sweden Silver-MONICA study

Almevall

Zingmark

Nordmark

et al. 2021

Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics

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Five-year change in morale is associated with negative life events in very old age

Cited by 11 publications

References 26 publications

Morale in Old Age and Its Association with Sociodemographic, Social, and Health-Related Factors in Different Age Groups

Morale in Old Age and Its Association with Sociodemographic, Social, and Health-Related Factors in Different Age Groups

Risk factors for a decrease in high morale in very old people over a 5-year period: data from two Nordic countries

Accepting the inevitable: A mixed method approach with assessment and perceptions of well-being in very old persons within the northern Sweden Silver-MONICA study

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