Five-year monitoring of 19 illicit and legal substances of abuse at the inlet of a wastewater treatment plant in Barcelona (NE Spain) and estimation of drug consumption patterns and trends

Mastroianni, Nicola; López-García, Ester; Postigo, Cristina; Barceló, Damià; Alda, Miren López de

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.126

Cited by 98 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Comparing with previous studies conducted in Spain, similar alcohol consumption rates were previously reported in Barcelona (18 mL/day/inhabitant (aged 15+)) (Mastroianni et al, 2017) and Castellón (6.6 mL/day /inhabitant) (Baz-Lomba et al, 2016 Comparing with other international studies, the estimated rates in the investigated Spanish populations (average alcohol consumption from 7.4 to 27 mL/day/inhabitant), were similar to those reported by other investigated cities (Table S2) alcohol consumption rates (from 3.4 to 6.6 mL/day/inhabitant) were lower than those estimated for Spanish populations. On the contrary, Copenhagen (Denmark) and Granby (Canada) (Ryu et al, 2016), showed higher alcohol consumption rates, 40 and 44 mL/day/inhabitant, respectively.…”

Section: Occurrence Of Ets In Wastewater Samples and Alcohol Consumptsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Thus, EtS has been pointed out as the best biomarker to estimate alcohol consumption by means of WBE. WBE was first applied to estimate alcohol consumption in 2011 in Oslo (Norway) (Reid et al, 2011) and, since then, many studies have been carried out in cities from other European countries (Andrés-Costa et al, 2016;Baz-Lomba et al, 2016;Gatidou et al, 2016;Mastroianni et al, 2014Mastroianni et al, , 2017Rodríguez-Álvarez et al, 2014Rodríguez-Álvarez et al, , 2015van Wel et al, 2016) Vietnam (Nguyen et al, 2018), China (Gao et al, 2020), United States (Chen et al, 2019, Canada (Ryu et al, 2016), andAustralia (Zheng et al, 2020). The main objective of these studies was not only to investigate spatial differences of alcohol consumption between populations or to assess changes in alcohol consumption due to special events (Andrés-Costa et al, 2016), but also, to compare WBE-derived alcohol estimates with alcohol consumption figures obtained by means of traditional methods, such as, official data provided by the WHO or by national surveying institutions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing alcohol consumption through wastewater-based epidemiology: Spain as a case study

López-García

Pérez-López

Postigo

et al. 2020

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background: Estimating alcohol consumption in the population has received great interest given the social, health and economic problems that it generates. In this study, wastewaterbased epidemiology (WBE), an alternative method to estimate licit and illicit drug consumption rates in a given population through the analysis of chemicals and/or metabolites in wastewaters, was applied to estimate alcohol consumption at the local and national level in Spain. Methods: Composite (24-h) wastewater samples were collected at the inlet of 17 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in 13 cities for seven consecutive days in spring of 2018. The sampled area covered 12.8% of the Spanish population. Wastewater samples were analyzed by an ion-pair liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to determine the concentration of ethyl sulphate (EtS), the biomarker used to back-calculate alcohol consumption. Results: Alcohol consumption ranged from 4.5 to 46 mL/day/inhabitant. Differences in consumption were statistically significant among the investigated cities and also between weekdays and weekends. At the local level, in each investigated population WBE provided, mostly, estimates of alcohol consumption comparable to those reported by its corresponding region in the Spanish National Health Survey. Also at the national level, comparable results were obtained between WBE-derived annual consumption rate (5.7 ± 1.2 L ethanol per capita (aged 15+) and that reported for Spain in the National Health Survey (4.7 L ethanol per capita (aged 15+)). Conclusions: This is the largest WBE study carried out to date in Spain to estimate alcohol consumption rates. It confirms that this approach is useful for establishing spatial and temporal patterns of alcohol consumption which could contribute to the development of health care management plans and policies. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to reduce the uncertainties associated with WBE and to obtain more comparable data with established indicators.

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Section: Occurrence Of Ets In Wastewater Samples and Alcohol Consumptsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing alcohol consumption through wastewater-based epidemiology: Spain as a case study

López-García

Pérez-López

Postigo

et al. 2020

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…Mastroianni et al 59 carried out a five-year monitoring of illicit drugs in the region of Barcelona, Spain, and reveal an average cocaine use of 24 mg day -1 1000 inh 63 reported a cocaine daily consumption ranging from 619 ± 140 to 2420 ± 742 mg day -1 1000 inh -1 being among the highest reported in the literature, probably due to the fact that the region is part of the Caribbean hub of international illicit drug traffic. Cocaine consumption in the cities of Bogotá and Medellin, in Colombia, was investigated by Bijlsma et al, 64 which reported a weekly average of 742 and 3022 mg day -1 1000 inh -1 , respectively, using a correction factor of 3.59.…”

Section: Cocaine Use Estimatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mastroianni et al 59 reported cocaine loads during weekend and weekdays of 2.3 and 1.7 kg day -1 , respectively, in Barcelona, Spain. Zuccato et al 67 reported temporal variations for benzoylecgonine in wastewater samples form Milan, Italy, with significantly higher concentrations occurring on Saturday, agreeing with our result.…”

Section: Cocaine Use Estimatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wastewater-Based Epidemiology of Cocaine in the Brazilian Federal District: Spatial Distribution, Weekly Variation and Sample Preservation Strategies

Sodré¹,

Feitosa²,

Jardim³

et al. 2018

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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The distribution of consumed cocaine in the Brazilian Federal District (FD) was estimated using the wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) approach. Sewage samples from eight wastewater treatment plants were analyzed for cocaine (COC) and benzoylecgonine (BE) using solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The highest per capita consumption was noticed for the northern area of the Brazilian Capital (1162 mg day -1 1000 inh -1 ) being 32% higher than the average consumption rate of the investigated region. In this area, a day-to-day investigation revealed an average cocaine consumption of 1800 mg day -1 1000 inh -1 during the weekend, i.e., more than 50% higher than weekdays. An annual street-grade cocaine load of about 2 ton was estimated for the FD considering previous information on the actual purity of seized street drugs as well as consumers between 15 and 64 years old. Sample preservation strategies were also investigated in order to expand the WBE approach to other Brazilian areas. Sample acidification to pH 2.0 presented the smallest relative errors for COC (+11%) and BE (−4%) after a period of three days under typical transport conditions practiced by the Brazilian national postal service.Keywords: illicit drugs, cocaine use, WBE, sample preservation, consumption estimates IntroductionCocaine and its metabolites are commonly found in wastewater due to human urinary excretion or even through direct drug disposal (accidentally or not) in the sewer system. 1,2 Concentration of the drug residues can be assessed through analytical routines that include sample collection and preservation, followed by specific analytes separation and quantification. Benzoylecgonine (BE) and cocaine (COC) have been the most frequently investigated substances within wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) initiatives around the world, [3][4][5][6][7] since the former is the most abundant cocaine metabolite. Also for this reason, analytical data concerning benzoylecgonine in wastewater samples has been used as a near real-time tool to estimate cocaine consumption for a given population. 8,9 Several works have explored different aspects of the WBE approach including other cocaine metabolites, 10 estimation of other consumed drugs, 10-12 influence of recreational events, [13][14][15][16] consumption dynamics in restricted facilities, [17][18][19] temporal and spatial variability, [20][21][22] stability of target chemicals, 23,24 refinement on estimates calculation, [25][26][27] innovations in sample preparation and analysis, [28][29][30] among others. In Brazil, the first work to put the WBE approach into practice was designed to assess cocaine consumption on regions served by six wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) installed in the Brazilian Federal District (FD). 31 Results revealed a consumption of 920 mg day -1 1000 inhabitants -1 . Recently, our group also showed higher cocaine consumption patterns in the FD during the FIFA World Cup weekend matches as well as significant crack-cocaine use in the FD th...

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Wastewater‐based Epidemiology to Investigate Spatio‐Temporal Trends in Alcohol Consumption in Aotearoa, New Zealand

Wilson,

Phung,

Chappell

et al. 2024

Chemistry An Asian Journal

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Alcohol is an influential drug that has extensive societal impact. In Aotearoa New Zealand, there are a number of worrying trends related to alcohol consumption including rates of alcohol‐related harm and violence and heavy episodic drinking. To understand and address these issues, alcohol consumption rates and related trends need to be understood. A wastewater‐based epidemiology study was carried out over the course of six months (April ‐ September 2021), sampling one week per month from ten catchment areas covering ~40% of the national population. The average alcohol consumption was found to be 12.2 mL/person/day. Temporal and geographical trends in alcohol consumption were found; there was higher alcohol consumption on the weekends compared to weekdays, alcohol consumption was inversely related to settlement size, there was increased alcohol consumption due to public holidays and alcohol consumption was not seen to increase during COVID restrictions, however there was a notable change in the weekly trend during lockdowns. This application of alcohol WBE to Aotearoa New Zealand represents a comprehensive national study to understand alcohol consumption and its influences. The knowledge obtained will allow appropriate services and public policies to be reviewed to best serve communities.

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Five-year monitoring of 19 illicit and legal substances of abuse at the inlet of a wastewater treatment plant in Barcelona (NE Spain) and estimation of drug consumption patterns and trends

Cited by 98 publications

References 43 publications

Assessing alcohol consumption through wastewater-based epidemiology: Spain as a case study

Assessing alcohol consumption through wastewater-based epidemiology: Spain as a case study

Wastewater-Based Epidemiology of Cocaine in the Brazilian Federal District: Spatial Distribution, Weekly Variation and Sample Preservation Strategies

Wastewater‐based Epidemiology to Investigate Spatio‐Temporal Trends in Alcohol Consumption in Aotearoa, New Zealand

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