Five-year risk of fracture and subsequent fractures among adults with cerebral palsy

Management and treatment of musculoskeletal problems in adults with cerebral palsy: Experience gained from two lifespan clinics

“…Bone density is decreased in patients with CP [9,12,13]. The smaller cross-sectional size of long bones in patients with CP weakens the bone, as strength is related to the radius of the fourth power [13].…”

“…The smaller cross-sectional size of long bones in patients with CP weakens the bone, as strength is related to the radius of the fourth power [ 13 ]. The risk of fragility fractures in young to middle-aged adults with CP is similar to worse than those of elderly, typically developing females [ 12 ]. The risk of nonunion increases as the bone density decreases.…”

Caregivers’ feeding experiences of children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review of qualitative evidence

“…The risk of feeding difficulties increases in children with more severe forms of physical disability in CP due to oral-motor dysfunction, which causes dysphagia (Speyer et al, 2019), delayed gastric emptying, and gastroesophageal reflux (Trivić & Hojsak, 2019). Feeding difficulties can affect a child's growth and development (Caramico-Favero et al, 2018;Zhao et al, 2023) as it can lead to decreased nutritional and fluid intake, which can increase a child's risk of risk of fractures (Whitney et al, 2022) and infections (Dahlseng et al, 2012), as well as an increased risk of aspiration (Hafifah et al, 2018). Gastrostomy tubes (tubes that enter the stomach usually through the abdominal skin surface) are inserted in some children to improve nutritional intake and weight and decrease the risk of aspiration (Jadi et al, 2023).…”