2013
DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyt221
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Fixed effects analysis of repeated measures data

Abstract: The analysis of repeated measures or panel data allows control of some of the biases which plague other observational studies, particularly unmeasured confounding. When this bias is suspected, and the research question is: 'Does a change in an exposure cause a change in the outcome?', a fixed effects approach can reduce the impact of confounding by time-invariant factors, such as the unmeasured characteristics of individuals. Epidemiologists familiar with using mixed models may initially presume that specifyin… Show more

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Cited by 349 publications
(309 citation statements)
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“…Hospital fixed effects account for both measured and unmeasured characteristics of hospitals that do not vary over time, including unmeasured differences in patient populations, thereby effectively comparing patient outcomes among hospitalists of varying age within the same hospital 2324 25 …”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Hospital fixed effects account for both measured and unmeasured characteristics of hospitals that do not vary over time, including unmeasured differences in patient populations, thereby effectively comparing patient outcomes among hospitalists of varying age within the same hospital 2324 25 …”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…3,32,45 Chronic musculoskeletal pain is complex and determined by multiple causal pathways involving biological, psychological, and social influences that can interact with each other. 13,17,34 Yet the full aetiology is unclear. 49 In addition, the classification of multisite pain is not clearly defined, usually taken to be two or more sites, 7 which challenges comparability.…”
Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Ordinal variables for anxiety and depression symptom load were computed as reference (0-4), sub-symptom load, (5-7) mild symptom load (8)(9)(10), moderate symptom load (11)(12)(13)(14), and severe symptom load (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). 4, 27 Sleeping problems were identified by two questions: "Have you had difficulty falling asleep in the last month?"…”
Section: Study Variablesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Fixed effects methods include an alpha i term treated as a set of fixed parameters representing all stable characteristics of a person. With this approach, each individual serves as his or her own control and major sources of confounding from time-invariant (fixed) factors (such as non-observed individual and environmental factors, eg, genetics, childhood conditions, and personality traits) are eliminated (23,24). However, in contrast to standard fixed effects approaches, which use only variation within individuals to estimate the relationships between exposures and outcomes (assuming strict exogeneity), dynamic panel models with fixed effects allow for predetermined (sequentially or weakly exogenous) variables and the dependent variable to affect the predictor variable at a later point in time.…”
Section: Magnusson Hanson Et Almentioning
confidence: 99%