Flagellin and mannitol modulate callose biosynthesis and deposition in soybean seedlings

Abstract

Callose is a polymer deposited on the cell wall and is necessary for plant growth and development. Callose is synthesized by genes from the glucan synthase‐like family (GSL) and dynamically responds to various types of stress. Callose can inhibit pathogenic infection, in the case of biotic stresses, and maintain cell turgor and stiffen the plant cell wall in abiotic stresses. Here, we report the identification of 23 GSL genes (GmGSL) in the soybean genome. We performed phylogenetic analyses, gene structure prediction, duplication patterns, and expression profiles on several RNA‐Seq libraries. Our analyses show that WGD/Segmental duplication contributed to expanding this gene family in soybean. Next, we analyzed the callose responses in soybean under abiotic and biotic stresses. The data show that callose is induced by both osmotic stress and flagellin 22 (flg22) and is related to the activity of β‐1,3‐glucanases. By using RT‐qPCR, we evaluated the expression of GSL genes during the treatment of soybean roots with mannitol and flg22. The GmGSL23 gene was upregulated in seedlings treated with osmotic stress or flg22, showing the essential role of this gene in the soybean defense response to pathogenic organisms and osmotic stress. Our results provide an important understanding of the role of callose deposition and regulation of GSL genes in response to osmotic stress and flg22 infection in soybean seedlings.

Soluble humic acid suppresses plant immunity and ethylene to promote soybean nodulation

“…Briefly, 7‐day‐old soybean seedlings grown on Fahraeus medium (0.7% agar) with or without 500 ppm WSHM were transferred to liquid Fahraeus medium supplemented with flg22 at the final concentration of 1 μM or with S. fredii (OD 600 = 0.6) for 24 h. For mock plants, the Fahraeus medium was supplemented with ultrapure water. At the end of 24 h, the seedlings' roots were washed in deionized water for callose extraction and determination (Sangi et al, 2023).…”

“…MAPK activation was monitored by western blot analysis. Callose was extracted and determined as described by Sangi et al(Sangi et al, 2023). Briefly, 7‐day‐old soybean seedlings grown on Fahraeus medium (0.7% agar) with or without 500 ppm WSHM were transferred to liquid Fahraeus medium supplemented with flg22 at the final concentration of 1 μM or with S. fredii (OD 600 = 0.6) for 24 h. For mock plants, the Fahraeus medium was supplemented with ultrapure water.…”

“…For mock plants, the Fahraeus medium was supplemented with ultrapure water. At the end of 24 h, the seedlings' roots were washed in deionized water for callose extraction and determination (Sangi et al, 2023).…”

The Soybean Expression Atlas v2: A comprehensive database of over 5000 RNA‐seq samples

“…To address this issue, we previously developed the Soybean Expression Atlas, a gene expression database comprising 1298 publicly available RNA‐seq samples that were systematically collected, processed, and quantified using a unified pipeline (Machado et al., 2020). Since its release, the Soybean Expression Atlas has allowed researchers to explore the expression profiles of important gene families (Almeida‐Silva & Venancio, 2022; Coelho et al., 2022; Hou et al., 2022; Huang et al., 2021; Sangi et al., 2021), discover genes associated with agronomic traits (Almeida‐Silva and Venancio, 2021, 2023a; Guo et al., 2022; Turquetti‐Moraes et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2022), and understand the dynamics of gene regulation underlying plant physiology (Almeida‐Silva et al., 2020; Chen et al., 2023; Li et al., 2021; Sangi et al., 2023). Up to April 2023, our database has been accessed by more than 10000 users, 60% of which are recurring.…”

The Soybean Expression Atlas v2: a comprehensive database of over 5000 RNA-seq samples

“…To address this issue, we previously developed the Soybean Expression Atlas, a gene expression database comprising 1298 publicly available RNA-seq samples that were systematically collected, processed, and quantified using a unified pipeline (Machado et al, 2020). Since its release, the Soybean Expression Atlas has allowed researchers to explore the expression profiles of important gene families (Almeida-Silva and Venancio, 2022; Coelho et al, 2022;Hou et al, 2022;Huang et al, 2021;Sangi et al, 2021), discover genes associated with agronomic traits (Zhang et al, 2022;Almeida-Silva and Venancio, 2023a;Turquetti-Moraes et al, 2022;Guo et al, 2022), and understand the dynamics of gene regulation underlying plant physiology Sangi et al, 2023;Chen et al, 2023;Li et al, 2021). Up to April 2023, our database has been accessed by more than ten thousand users, 60% of which are recurring.…”