“…Major rankers rely heavily on either the Web of Science (owned by Clarivate) or Scopus (owned by Elsevier) citation indexes. Both indexes privilege journals that are part of their respective journal publishing oligarchies (Morrison, 2021;Robertson & Olds, 2017), and both also privilege scholarship written in English and coming from Global North countries (Kehm, 2014;Teferra, 2017;Tilak, 2016). Rankings are also critiqued for metrics that privilege wealthy universities which admit a disproportionate number of students from families in the top income quartile (Chetty et al, 2017;Kivinen et al, 2017;Smyth, 2017).…”