Flame extinction properties of solids obtained from limiting oxygen index tests

Suzanne, Mathieu; Delichatsios, Michael; Zhang, Yaobi

doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.08.026

Cited by 25 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This parameter is used to rate the fire safety of a material and is included in many requirements for practical applications. [ 37 ] The CNF/XG/MTM foam achieve a LOI rating of 31.6%. This is higher than 30%, which is a threshold value and well above the range for commercially available fire‐retardant FR‐PU foams.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green and Fire Resistant Nanocellulose/Hemicellulose/Clay Foams

Carosio

Medina

Kochumalayil

et al. 2021

Adv Materials Inter

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Lightweight polymer foams from synthetic polymers are commonly used in a wide‐spread spectrum of application fields. Their intrinsic flammability coupled with restrictions on flame retardant chemicals poses a severe threat to safety. Here, fire resistant foams comprising biobased components capable of replacing petroleum‐based foams are investigated. Cellulose nanofibers are combined with 2D montmorillonite nanoplatelets and a native xyloglucan hemicellulose binder, using a water‐based freeze casting approach. Due to the silicate nanoplatelets, these lightweight foams self‐extinguish the flame during flammability tests. The limiting oxygen index is as high as 31.5% and in the same range as the best fire‐retardant synthetic foams available. In cone calorimetry, the foams display extremely low combustion rates. Smoke release is near the detection limit of the instrument. In addition, the foams are withstanding the penetration of a flame torch focused on one side of the specimen (T on surface 800 °C) and structural integrity is maintained. At the same time, the unexposed side is insulated, as demonstrated by a through‐thickness temperature drop of 680 °C cm−1. The results represent a tremendous opportunity for the development of fire‐safe foams combining excellent sustainability with multifunctional performance.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green and Fire Resistant Nanocellulose/Hemicellulose/Clay Foams

Carosio

Medina

Kochumalayil

et al. 2021

Adv Materials Inter

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“…The flame retardant behavior was characterized by LOI and cone calorimeter test. LOI is the minimum oxygen concentration (in an oxygen‐nitrogen flowing mixture) needed to support downward flame combustion and reflects the flame retardancy of polymers . Figure illustrates the flammability of pristine PF and SPFs reflected by LOI.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of flame‐retardant and mechanical performance of phenolic foam with the incorporation of cardanol‐based siloxane

Yang

et al. 2019

Polymer Composites

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A novel cardanol-based siloxane (SAECD), which has silicon groups and reactive epoxy groups, was synthesized. Its structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance. Then, phenolic foams (PFs) modified with different contents of SAECD were prepared. While addition of appropriate amount of SAECD into resin matrix enhances the flexural strength of PFs, incorporation of SAECD into PFs leads to a reduced pulverization ratio. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) increases continuously with the increasing addition of SAECD into PFs. The results of the cone calorimeter test showed that the addition of 3% SAECD could effectively reduce the heat release rate and total heat release of the foam by the condensed phase flame retardant mechanism. The TTI of the modified foam was delayed by 19 s; the PHRR, mean HRR, and THR of the modified foams decreased by 9.10%, 4.11%, and 7.55%, respectively, compared with those of the pristine PF. In addition to the increase in the toughness of the PF, SAECD addition can also improve the flame retardant properties of the PF. K E Y W O R D S ORCID Caiying Bo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7032-9931 F I G U R E 9 Photographs of char residues of PF and 3% SAECD modified PF [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

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“…It is instructive to elaborate on the difference of the present test from 2 other commonly used small‐scale tests, the limited oxygen index and the UL94 (upward flame spread). In contrast to the method employed in this study, which assesses the downward flame spread at ambient oxygen concentrations, the limited oxygen index test determines the necessary oxygen concentration to prevent downward flame spread, whereas the UL94 test is used to assess the upward flame spread. The fire spread behavior in the UL94 test depends both on the material flammability properties (heat release rate, ignition, thermal capacity, conductivity, etc.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A method to assess downward flame spread and dripping characteristics of fire‐retardant polymer composites

et al. 2017

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Summary A method is described to assess the flame retardancy of polyethylene composites by measuring both their downward flame spread rates as well as their combined melting and dripping rates on rectangular rods, ignited at their top. The composite materials were produced by mixing pulverized polymer with organic additives of differing particle sizes, shapes, and mass fractions. The resulting mix was melted in a mold, and then it was solidified into rods. The additives were carbonaceous solids with particle sizes spanning from tens of nanometers to tens of micrometers. The mass fraction of the additives in the polymer matrix varied from 1 to 5 wt%. Upon ignition of the upper tips of the polymer composite rods, the downward flame spread rate and the melting and dripping rate were separately assessed by measuring their mass loss and their heights. The addition to polyethylene of finely sized carbonaceous additives at mass fractions of 4 to 5 wt% proved effective at significantly slowing down its downward flame spread by drastically hindering its dripping tendency. The effectiveness of the additives increased with increasing their mass fraction and decreasing their particle size. High mass fractions of carbon additives resulted in wicking, which can enhance radiatively the heat transfer.

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Flame extinction properties of solids obtained from limiting oxygen index tests

Cited by 25 publications

References 10 publications

Green and Fire Resistant Nanocellulose/Hemicellulose/Clay Foams

Green and Fire Resistant Nanocellulose/Hemicellulose/Clay Foams

Enhancement of flame‐retardant and mechanical performance of phenolic foam with the incorporation of cardanol‐based siloxane

A method to assess downward flame spread and dripping characteristics of fire‐retardant polymer composites

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