Flame retardant epoxy polymers based on all phosphorus-containing components

Jeng, Ru‐Jong; Shau, Shi-Min; Lin, Jiang‐Jen; Su, Wu‐Chung; Chiu, Yie‐Shun

doi:10.1016/s0014-3057(01)00246-4

Cited by 127 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…This value may indicate their good flame-retardant properties. 25 The limited oxygen index values, which were calculated using a linear relation with the char residue, limited oxygen index ¼ 17.5 þ 0.4 char residue, 26,27 were in the range of 36-44%. Therefore, such polymers can also be classified as self-extinguishing polymers.…”

Section: Thermal Properties Of Peismentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and properties of new highly soluble aromatic poly(etherimide)s containing isopropylidene groups

Wolińska‐Grabczyk

Schab‐Balcerzak

Grabiec

et al. 2013

Polym J

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A series of amorphous poly(etherimide)s (PEIs) was synthesized from 4,4 0 -(4,4 0 -isopropylidene-diphenoxy)bis(phthalic anhydride) and different diamines or from 4,4 0 -(4,4 0 -isopropylidene-diphenyl-1,1 0 -diyldioxy)dianiline and 4,4 0 -(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride. The structures of the obtained PEIs were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies ( 1 H and 13 C NMR) and by elemental analysis. These polymers show excellent solubility in a broad range of solvents and produce strong and flexible films. The films were examined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and mechanical testing, and were characterized by gas transport measurements. The obtained films exhibit thermal stability up to 500 1C, good mechanical properties and a CO 2 permeability of 7.85 Barrer with a CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of 21.2 for the polymer that contains hexafluoroisopropylidene moieties. The effects of the chemical structures on the physical and gas permeation properties were studied. The introduction of bulky cardo or hexafluoroisopropylidene moieties into the polymer chain increases the glass transition temperature (T g ) and fractional free volume (FFV), while the incorporation of additional ether linkages produces the opposite effect. Using an existing free volume approach, we found that the permeabilities of the studied PEIs are well correlated with their FFVs. Polymer Journal (2013) 45, 1202-1209; doi:10.1038/pj.2013.49; published online 22 May 2013 Keywords: gas transport properties; poly(etherimide)s; polyimides; thermal properties INTRODUCTION Aromatic polyimides (PIs) were first produced in 1908; since then, interest in this type of polymers has been growing because of their exceptional properties, such as excellent thermal, thermo-oxidative and dimensional stability; high radiation and solvent resistance; low dielectric constant; and unusually good mechanical properties. [1][2][3] This unique combination of properties makes PIs ideal for a variety of applications, for example, in microelectronics, microelectromechanical systems, aerospace and photoelectronics or as gas separation membranes, materials for memory devices, alignment layers in liquid crystal displays, and redox-active, electrochromic polymers. 3-6 Although many excellent polyimides are known and commercially available, new polyimides are emerging as research continues on the chemical structure-property correlations and on the search for new compounds with unique combinations of properties for special applications. Recently, particular attention has been paid to new materials and technologies for gas separation applications because of environmental concerns and economic interests. Polymeric gas separation membranes exhibit good mechanical properties, often

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Section: Thermal Properties Of Peismentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and properties of new highly soluble aromatic poly(etherimide)s containing isopropylidene groups

Wolińska‐Grabczyk

Schab‐Balcerzak

Grabiec

et al. 2013

Polym J

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“…Because of these advantages, the LOI is widely used to investigate the flammability of fire-retarded materials. In these studies, empirical correlations have been developed between the LOI values and parameters related to the chemistry of the materials such as the polymer residue [4], the char yield ratio [5] and the flame-retardant concentration [6][7][8]or to the physical properties (such as the glass transition temperature [9,10]). As these correlations are determined based on curve fitting, they are not related to the fundamental flammability properties, which are required in order to predict the burning behaviours of these materials in intermediate and large-scale tests.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of the Limiting Oxygen Index Using Simple Flame Extinction Theory and Material Properties Obtained from Bench Scale Measurements

Suzanne¹,

Delichatsios²,

Zhang³

2011

Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the 10th International Sym

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The limited oxygen index (LOI) test is a small-scale test for characterising the flammability tendency of materials ignited with a small candle-like diffusion flame. It involves determination of the minimum oxygen volume concentration in an oxygen/nitrogen mixture required to just support the downward burning on a vertically mounted test specimen. Over the last decades, much effort has been devoted to developing correlations between the LOI of a material with its chemical or physical properties. However these correlations were deduced based mainly on empirical fitting, and as a result they cannot be related to the fundamental properties of the material. In this work, we present a novel approach based on simple extinction theory to predict the LOI of materials using their flammability properties measured in smallscale tests (i.e. TGA, DSC and the cone calorimeter). The present method is first applied to five polymers and the predicted LOI values in general agree with the measurements. Subsequently, the model is extended to examine the effects of the initial sample temperature and external heat flux on the LOI of a PMMA, PS and POM in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.

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“…Likewise, DOPO-tris(azetidine-2,4-dione) cured with TPA at an equivalent molar ratio also exhibited a broad melting transition from 60 to 110 C. Notably, the reactivity of DOPO-tris(azetidine-2,4-dione) toward amine curing agents appears to be greater and more complicated than that of bis(azetidine-2,4-dione), according to our observation of a sharp exothermic peak ranging from 110 to 130 C and a second exothermic peak ranging from 130 to 180 C. The complicated reactivity of DOPO-tris(azetidine-2,4-dione) toward TPA possibly results from its higher molecular weight and an electronic effect contributed by its electron-withdrawing phosphine oxide groups. 18 From these observations, we conclude that the curing reaction of BE188 with TPA and the polymerization of the reactive modifiers occurred within a similar processing window. Figure 3(c,d) display the second heating scans for the cured resins.…”

Section: Synthesis and Characterization Of Reactive Modifiersmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…17 Phosphorus-containing compositions featuring high phosphorus contents usually exhibit poor processability and deteriorated material properties, in particular with respect to the values of T g , due to the presence of soft APAOA linkages. 12,18 Higher crosslinking densities, using multifunctional reactive curing agents, have been adopted to avoid any negative effects on the values of T g of the epoxy materials. DOPO derivatives possessing phosphorus contents of 1-3% appear to have limited influence on physical properties relative to other phosphorus-containing epoxy resins because of their inherently aromatic-rich, cyclic structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tailored thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy resins prepared using multiply hydrogen‐bonding reactive modifiers

Liu

Shau

Juang

et al. 2010

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this study, we synthesized a phosphoruscontaining triply functionalized reactive modifier, DOPOtris(azetidine-2,4-dione), and a phosphorus-free doubly functionalized reactive modifier, bis(azetidine-2,4-dione), and embedded them into epoxy resin systems. We characterized these synthesized reactive modifiers using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry. During the thermosetting processes, we reacted the epoxy curing agents 4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane and tris(4-aminophenyl)amine with the multiply hydrogenbonding reactive modifiers and epoxy monomers. The introduction of the DOPO segment, strongly hydrogen bonding malonamide linkages, and hard aromatic groups into the backbones of the synthesized reactive modifiers resulted in epoxy networks exhibiting tailorable crosslinking densities, flexibilities, glass transition temperatures, thermal decomposition temperatures, and flame retardancies. Furthermore, dynamic mechanical analyses indicated that intermolecular hydrogen bonding of these reactive modifiers enhanced the thermal and physical properties of their epoxy resins through the formation of unique pseudocrosslinked polymer networks.

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Flame retardant epoxy polymers based on all phosphorus-containing components

Cited by 127 publications

References 19 publications

Structure and properties of new highly soluble aromatic poly(etherimide)s containing isopropylidene groups

Structure and properties of new highly soluble aromatic poly(etherimide)s containing isopropylidene groups

Prediction of the Limiting Oxygen Index Using Simple Flame Extinction Theory and Material Properties Obtained from Bench Scale Measurements

Tailored thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy resins prepared using multiply hydrogen‐bonding reactive modifiers

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