Flame Retardants and Environmental Issues

Abstract

This article reviews the environmental aspects of fl ame retardant (FR) use for polymeric materials. The most important groups of halogen, phosphorus-halogen, phosphorus, nitrogen-containing and mineral FRs, as well as of nanoparticle FRs are presented in relation to the health concerns and environmental risk. The main toxicological problems resulting from the use of halogenated and formaldehyde-containing FRs are discussed. Moreover, the possibility of mechanical and chemical recycling as well as energy recovery of recycled fl ame retarded polymeric materials from post-consumer waste are discussed.

Flame-retardant treatment of silk fabric with sodium phytate and chitosan using the layer-by-layer padding technique

“…Sodium hydroxide and acetic acid used for the adjustment of pH were analytically pure reagents. A commercial chitosan using the layer-by-layer padding technique Tekstilec, 2019, 62 (4), 269-277 detergent designed for the household cleaning of silk and wool textiles was purchased from Shanghai Zhengzhang Washing and Dyeing Co., China, and had a solid content of 15.3% and a pH of 6.5 (2 g/L detergent solution).…”

“…On the other hand, the effl uent discharge of phosphorus compounds during laundering and use causes water eutrophication [3]. Another disadvantage of phosphorus-based and nitrogen-based FRs with methylol groups is formaldehyde release [4]. In addition to the aforementioned FR agents, other FR agents and techniques, such as nano-materials, sol-gel and graft polymerisation, have been studied to enhance the FR properties of silk [5][6][7][8].…”

“…Stiff ness of silk fabrics obtained using two concentrations of CH/SP at diff erent BLs chitosan using the layer-by-layer padding techniqueTekstilec, 2019, 62(4),[269][270][271][272][273][274][275][276][277] …”

Modification of Glass/Polyester Laminates with Flame Retardants

“…Initially, their potential toxicity and negative impact on the environment were not considered. This changed when articles on the carcinogenic and mutagenic properties of brominated flame retardants began to appear in various journals [135,136].…”