Flame Retardants, Halogenated

Mack, Arthur G.

doi:10.1002/0471238961.0801121516052020.a01.pub2

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Bisphenol A (BPA) (CAS 80-05-7, 4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol) is used as a monomer in the production of polycarbonate, epoxy, and phenolic resins and as a reactant in making certain halogenated flame retardants (Kopf, 2003; Mack, 2004; Pham and Marks, 2004; Brunelle, 2014); residual BPA in these products is minimal. BPA is also used as a filler in certain investment casting waxes (Carney, 2014), where BPA can comprise up to 45% of the wax, and as a developer in thermal paper (USEPA, 2014); in both applications, BPA is unreacted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Bisphenol A (BPA) Concentrations among Workers in Industries that Manufacture and Use BPA in the USA

Hines

Jackson

Deddens

et al. 2017

Annals of Work Exposures and Health

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Background Bisphenol A (BPA) toxicity and exposure risk to humans has been the subject of considerable scientific debate; however, published occupational exposure data for BPA are limited. Methods In 2013–2014, 77 workers at six US companies making BPA, BPA-based resins, or BPA-filled wax provided seven urine samples over two consecutive work days (151 worker-days, 525 samples). Participant information included industry, job, tasks, personal protective equipment used, hygiene behaviors, and canned food/beverage consumption. Total (free plus conjugated) BPA, quantified in urine by mass spectrometry, was detected in all samples. Results The geometric mean (GM) creatinine-adjusted total BPA (total BPACR) concentration was 88.0 μg g−1 (range 0.78–18 900 μg g−1), ~70 times higher than in US adults in 2013–2014 (1.27 μg g−1). GM total BPACR increased during Day 1 (26.6–127 μg g−1), decreased by pre-shift Day 2 (84.4 μg g−1) then increased during Day 2 to 178 μg g−1. By industry, baseline and post-baseline total BPACR was highest in BPA-filled wax manufacturing/reclaim (GM = 111 μg g−1) and lowest in phenolic resin manufacturing (GM = 6.56 μg g−1). By job, total BPACR was highest at baseline in maintenance workers (GM = 157 μg g−1) and post-baseline in those working with molten BPA-filled wax (GM = 441 μg g−1). Workers in the job of flaking a BPA-based resin had the lowest concentrations at baseline (GM = 4.81 μg g−1) and post-baseline (GM = 23.2 μg g−1). In multiple regression models, at baseline, industry significantly predicted increased total BPACR (P = 0.0248); post-baseline, handling BPA containers (P = 0.0035), taking ≥3 process/bulk samples with BPA (P = 0.0002) and wearing a Tyvek® coverall (P = 0.0042) significantly predicted increased total BPACR (after adjusting for total BPACR at baseline, time point, and body mass index). Conclusion Several work-related factors, including industry, job, and certain tasks performed, were associated with increased urinary total BPACR concentrations in this group of manufacturing workers. The potential for BPA-related health effects among these workers is unknown.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Bisphenol A (BPA) Concentrations among Workers in Industries that Manufacture and Use BPA in the USA

Hines

Jackson

Deddens

et al. 2017

Annals of Work Exposures and Health

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“…Phosphorous-based substances were forecast to be the fastest-growing types (ICL, 2015), surpassing BFRs in market size in 2015 (Freedonia, 2017). While, global market shares for BFRs decreased from approximately 36 % in 2004 (Mack, 2004) to 25 % in 2014 (Zion, 2015), introduction of novel halogenated retardants could support partial gains (ICL, 2015).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Alaee et al, 2003;Birnbaum and Staskal, 2004;Koch et al, 2015). BFRs can be incorporated in different ways into the polymers, and thus commonly divided into groups such as: additive, reactive, and polymeric (Mack, 2004). While additive and polymeric BFRs are simply blended into a polymer, reactive BFRs are chemically bonded into polymer matrix.…”

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confidence: 99%

Recycling of plastic waste: Screening for brominated flame retardants (BFRs)

et al. 2017

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Flame retardants are chemicals vital for reducing risks of fire and preventing human casualties and property losses. Due to the abundance, low cost and high performance of bromine, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have had a significant share of the market for years. Physical stability on the other hand, has resulted in dispersion and accumulation of selected BFRs in the environment and receiving biota. A wide range of plastic products may contain BFRs. This affects the quality of waste plastics as secondary resource: material recycling may potentially reintroduce the BFRs into new plastic product cycles and lead to increased exposure levels, e.g. through use of plastic packaging materials. To provide quantitative and qualitative data on presence of BFRs in plastics, we analysed bromophenols (tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), dibromophenols (2,4- and 2,6-DBP) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP)), hexabromocyclododecane stereoisomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCD), as well as selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in samples of household waste plastics, virgin and recycled plastics. A considerable number of samples contained BFRs, with highest concentrations associated with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS, up to 26,000,000ngTBBPA/g) and polystyrene (PS, up to 330,000ng∑HBCD/g). Abundancy in low concentrations of some BFRs in plastic samples suggested either unintended addition in plastic products or degradation of higher molecular weight BFRs. The presence of currently restricted flame retardants (PBDEs and HBCD) identified in the plastic samples illustrates that circular material flows may be contaminated for extended periods. The screening clearly showed a need for improved documentation and monitoring of the presence of BFRs in plastic waste routed to recycling.

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“…More importantly, these byproducts and degradation products showed higher bioaccumulation and toxicity than main technical TBBPA products 2 4 5 . Due to the similar structures and production process 6 7 , there should be more mono-modified byproducts of TBBPA derivatives co-produced and leaked into environment, which could cause widespread contamination and deserve our more attention.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Three Tetrabromobisphenol-S Derivatives in Mollusks from Chinese Bohai Sea: A Strategy for Novel Brominated Contaminants Identification

Liu

Tian

Yin

et al. 2015

Sci Rep

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Identification of novel brominated contaminants in the environment, especially the derivatives and byproducts of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), has become a wide concern because of their adverse effects on human health. Herein, we qualitatively and quantitatively identified three byproducts of tetrabromobisphenol-S bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) (TBBPS-BDBPE), including TBBPS mono(allyl ether) (TBBPS-MAE), TBBPS mono(2-bromoallyl ether) (TBBPS-MBAE) and TBBPS mono(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) (TBBPS-MDBPE) as novel brominated contaminants. Meanwhile, the mass spectra and analytical method for determination of TBBPS-BDBPE byproducts were presented for the first time. The detectable concentrations (dry weight) of TBBPS-MAE, TBBPS-MBAE and TBBPS-MDBPE were in the ranges 28–394 μg/g in technical TBBPS-BDBPE and 0.1–4.1 ng/g in mollusks collected from the Chinese Bohai Sea. The detection frequencies in mollusk samples were 5%, 39%, 95% for TBBPS-MAE, TBBPS-MBAE and TBBPS-MDBPE, respectively, indicating their prevailing in the environment. The results showed that they could be co-produced and leaked into the environment with production process, and might be more bioaccumulative and toxic than TBBPS-BDBPE. Therefore, the production and use of TBBPS derivatives lead to unexpected contamination to the surrounding environment. This study also provided an effective approach for identification of novel contaminants in the environment with synthesized standards and Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry.

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Flame Retardants, Halogenated

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Urinary Bisphenol A (BPA) Concentrations among Workers in Industries that Manufacture and Use BPA in the USA

Urinary Bisphenol A (BPA) Concentrations among Workers in Industries that Manufacture and Use BPA in the USA

Recycling of plastic waste: Screening for brominated flame retardants (BFRs)

Characterization of Three Tetrabromobisphenol-S Derivatives in Mollusks from Chinese Bohai Sea: A Strategy for Novel Brominated Contaminants Identification

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