Flame Retardants, Phosphorus

Abstract

One of the principal classes of flame retardants for plastics and textiles is that of phosphorus, phosphorus‐nitrogen, and phosphorus‐halogen compounds. These flame retardants are also used for wood and paper. The mechanisms of action, which may be in the condensed or vapor phase or in both, are presented. The interactions with other flame retardants are discussed. Commercial phosphorus‐based flame retardants include some inorganic compounds as well as both additive and reactive organic phosphorus systems. These materials range from simple salts to oligomeric compounds and encompass both liquids and solids. Some commercial products are pure compounds. Others are mixtures. The various compounds, corresponding structures, and specific uses are given. The toxicity of these products is discussed.

Environmentally Friendly Flame Retardant Epoxy For Electrical Insulation

“…However, the T g of the materials FR4 and FR5 is more than 20°C lower than the T g of the reference formulation. Such effect of organic phosphorus additives on the thermomechanical properties has already been reported [15], but further investigation would be needed for a better understanding of this phenomenon.…”

Aggravating Pollution of Emerging Aryl Organophosphate Esters in Urban Estuarine Sediments of South China

“…48 Some IDDPP was deposited in sediments at site C1 since 1996, as IDDPP has been applied as a plasticizer/flame retardant in flexible PVC since the 1990s. 49 At site C3, emerging aryl-OPE concentrations largely increased in sediments from 2005. Particularly, CDP concentration increased from 0.51 ng g −1 during 2010− 2015 to 1.8 ng g −1 during 2015−2019, showing about a 3-fold increase.…”

Synthesis of Functionalized Oxaphosphaphenanthrenes and Chromenes via Multicomponent Reactions of Trivalent Phosphorus Nucleophiles

“…Besides precious applications, their use in the construction of the unsafe compounds sarin, soman, and VX-type chemical warfare agents (CWAs) is of note [3]. Phosphonates have important applications in flame retardancy [4], [5], organic synthesis [6], and biological applications [2], [7]. Also, phosphonates have been used as substitutes of the corresponding esters and acids of high biological activity [8], [9] and as suitable probes for designing antibodies on the basis of transition state models.…”