Flammability and mechanical properties of poly(styrene–butadiene–styrene) copolymer–containing intumescent flame retardants

Abstract

Flame-retardant properties of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and its two microcapsules, APP with a shell of melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin (MFAPP) and APP with a shell of epoxy resin (EPAPP), were studied in styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS). The results indicate that APP after the microencapsulation leads to an increase in limiting oxygen index in SBS compared with APP. When dipentaerythritol is incorporated into the SBS composites containing the APP microcapsules, a further improvement in flame retardancy of the composites is observed. The microencapsulation does not result in much improvement of mechanical properties. Moreover, the effect of a compatibilizer (SBS grafted with maleic anhydride) on flame-retardant and mechanical properties of SBS/APP composites was investigated.

Flame Retardancy, Fire Behavior, and Flame Retardant Mechanism of Intumescent Flame Retardant EPDM Containing Ammonium Polyphosphate/Pentaerythrotol and Expandable Graphite

“…The results of the flame retardant tests show that IFR exhibits poor flame retardant effect for EPDM, and rather a high loading (60 phr) of flame retardant is required to achieve the necessary flame retardant performance. However, IFR shows a better flame retardant effect for many thermoplastics polymers, such as polypropylene, polyethylene, and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer [27][28][29]. In order to explain the reason of this phenomenon, the digital photos and microstructures of the flame retardant EPDM materials after burning in the muffle furnace at 300 • C, 350 • C, 400 • C, 450 • C, and 500 • C are conducted by digital camera and SEM to analyze the combustion process of the materials, which are presented in Figures 9 and 10, respectively.…”

“…However, the synergistic flame retardant mechanism of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) and EG in EPDM materials has not been systematically studied. Moreover, according to the literature [27][28][29], IFR exhibits better flame retardant properties in many thermoplastics polymers, such as polypropylene, polyethylene, and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, than in EPDM rubbers, but the cause of this phenomenon has not been studied and discussed so far.…”

Preparation and characterization of cyclodextrin microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate and its application in flame retardant polypropylene

“…Its endothermic decomposition removes heat and the ammonia and water subsequently evolved dilute the combustible gases thus could be used as gas source, simultaneously. For overcoming its drawbacks, that is, high hygroscopicity and poor compatibility with polymers, surface modifications of APP have been carried out by various methods, including surfactant modification, coupling agent modification, crocapsule (MCAPP) with melamine and microencapsulation …”

High-performance polyacrylonitrile-based pre-oxidized fibers fabricated through strategy with chemical pretreatment, layer-by-layer assembly, and stabilization techniques

“…It was composed of a gas source, an acid source, and a carbon source. 25 –27 The gas source was thermally decomposed by a nitrogen-containing compound to form a hard gas such as N 2 and NH 3 . These released gases could dilute the air around the surface of the heated materials.…”