Flaviviruses: Innate Immunity, Inflammasome Activation, Inflammatory Cell Death, and Cytokines

Abstract

The innate immune system is the host’s first line of defense against the invasion of pathogens including flavivirus. The programmed cell death controlled by genes plays an irreplaceable role in resisting pathogen invasion and preventing pathogen infection. However, the inflammatory cell death, which can trigger the overflow of a large number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell contents, will initiate a severe inflammatory response. In this review, we summarized the current understanding of the innate immune response, inflammatory cell death pathway and cytokine secretion regulation during Dengue virus, West Nile virus, Zika virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and other flavivirus infections. We also discussed the impact of these flavivirus and viral proteins on these biological processes. This not only provides a scientific basis for elucidating the pathogenesis of flavivirus, but also lays the foundation for the development of effective antiviral therapies.

Differential effects of Usutu and West Nile viruses on neuroinflammation, immune cell recruitment and blood–brain barrier integrity

“…Through recognition of these PAMPs by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), flaviviruses in general, and WNV in particular can induce an antiviral response leading to the secretion of interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory cytokines (e.g. type-I IFN, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10) [ 28 ]. These mechanisms, besides the control of viral propagation, can participate in systemic inflammation and exacerbate clinical onset.…”

Decoding the Role of Temperature in RNA Virus Infections

“…In the mammalian host, the type I response was shown to be important in the antiviral response against CHIKV and dengue virus infection ( 122 , 123 ). However, studies with mice have shown that this response is sensitive to temperature fluctuations during CHIKV infection, demonstrating in particular a reduced response against viral infection at suboptimal temperatures ( Fig.…”

γδ T Cells in Emerging Viral Infection: An Overview

“…Innate immunity is able to clear the virus in the upper airways of COVID-19 patients in the first 10-12 days from infection, inducing the resolution of the infection [34] in the majority of individuals [35]. Innate immune cells (macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils, NK cells, and γδ T cells) expressed several PRRs that recognize PAMPs or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and trigger inflammatory signaling pathways and immune responses to fight the virus [36]. In COVID-19 patients, we observed an increased production of inflammatory cytokines paralleled with an increase in myeloidderived suppressor cells (MDSC).…”