Flaviviruses: Yellow Fever, Japanese B, West Nile, and Others

Thomas, Stephen J.; Martínez, Luis; Endy, Timothy P.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_16

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 225 publications

(124 reference statements)

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“…It is not unexpected that a relatively high number of samples tested positive for two or more flaviviruses. This scenario can be explained by the fact that most of the studied flaviviruses are transmitted by the same vectors [ 61 ]. Both MVEV and WNV, the most clinically significant flaviviruses in Australia, are mainly transmitted by Culex annulirostris .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence of Infection with Zoonotic Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses in Saltwater Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in Northern Australia

Habarugira

Moran²,

Harrison

et al. 2022

Viruses

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The risk of flavivirus infections among the crocodilian species was not recognised until West Nile virus (WNV) was introduced into the Americas. The first outbreaks caused death and substantial economic losses in the alligator farming industry. Several other WNV disease episodes have been reported in crocodilians in other parts of the world, including Australia and Africa. Considering that WNV shares vectors with other flaviviruses, crocodilians are highly likely to also be exposed to flaviviruses other than WNV. A serological survey for flaviviral infections was conducted on saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) at farms in the Northern Territory, Australia. Five hundred serum samples, collected from three crocodile farms, were screened using a pan-flavivirus-specific blocking ELISA. The screening revealed that 26% (n = 130/500) of the animals had antibodies to flaviviruses. Of these, 31.5% had neutralising antibodies to WNVKUN (Kunjin strain), while 1.5% had neutralising antibodies to another important flavivirus pathogen, Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV). Of the other flaviviruses tested for, Fitzroy River virus (FRV) was the most frequent (58.5%) in which virus neutralising antibodies were detected. Our data indicate that farmed crocodiles in the Northern Territory are exposed to a range of potentially zoonotic flaviviruses, in addition to WNVKUN. While these flaviviruses do not cause any known diseases in crocodiles, there is a need to investigate whether infected saltwater crocodiles can develop a viremia to sustain the transmission cycle or farmed crocodilians can be used as sentinels to monitor the dynamics of arboviral infections in tropical areas.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…procax , and Ae. vigilax ) and Anopheles annulipes [ 61 , 62 , 63 ]. EHV has also been isolated from two mosquito species, including Cx.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of Infection with Zoonotic Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses in Saltwater Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in Northern Australia

Habarugira

Moran²,

Harrison

et al. 2022

Viruses

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“…The transmission of flaviviruses in epidemic proportions has been reported in the past decade . Dengue has now been reported from 141 countries, and from January 1 to December 31, 2022, 4,110,465 cases of dengue and 4,099 deaths have been reported due to DENV infection.…”

Section: Recent Flavivirus Disease Outbreaksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 ■ RECENT FLAVIVIRUS DISEASE OUTBREAKS The transmission of flaviviruses in epidemic proportions has been reported in the past decade. 10 Dengue has now been reported from 141 countries, 11 and from January 1 to December 31, 2022, 4,110,465 cases of dengue and 4,099 deaths have been reported due to DENV infection. The majority of cases have been reported from Brazil (2,363,490), Vietnam (367,729), the Philippines (220,705), Indonesia (125,888), and India (110,473).…”

Section: ■ Introduction To Flavivirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roles of NS1 Protein in Flavivirus Pathogenesis

Perera,

Ranadeva,

Sirisena

et al. 2023

ACS Infect. Dis.

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Flaviviruses such as dengue, Zika, and West Nile viruses are highly concerning pathogens that pose significant risks to public health. The NS1 protein is conserved among flaviviruses and is synthesized as a part of the flavivirus polyprotein. It plays a critical role in viral replication, disease progression, and immune evasion. Post-translational modifications influence NS1's stability, secretion, antigenicity, and interactions with host factors. NS1 protein forms extensive interactions with host cellular proteins allowing it to affect vital processes such as RNA processing, gene expression regulation, and cellular homeostasis, which in turn influence viral replication, disease pathogenesis, and immune responses. NS1 acts as an immune evasion factor by delaying complement-dependent lysis of infected cells and contributes to disease pathogenesis by inducing endothelial cell damage and vascular leakage and triggering autoimmune responses. Anti-NS1 antibodies have been shown to cross-react with host endothelial cells and platelets, causing autoimmune destruction that is hypothesized to contribute to disease pathogenesis. However, in contrast, immunization of animal models with the NS1 protein confers protection against lethal challenges from flaviviruses such as dengue and Zika viruses. Understanding the multifaceted roles of NS1 in flavivirus pathogenesis is crucial for effective disease management and control. Therefore, further research into NS1 biology, including its host protein interactions and additional roles in disease pathology, is imperative for the development of strategies and therapeutics to combat flavivirus infections successfully. This Review provides an in-depth exploration of the current available knowledge on the multifaceted roles of the NS1 protein in the pathogenesis of flaviviruses.

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“…Flaviviridae that cause encephalitis/ME are all arboviruses and members of the Flavivirus genus, and are transmitted either by mosquitoes or ticks. For this virus family, serological diagnosis remains the diagnostic pillar, although it can be tricky due to frequent cross-reactivity among flavivirus antigens [7]. False positive results can result from previous infection or immunization (e.g.…”

Section: Viruses Commonly Causing Encephalitis/mementioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic approach to encephalitis and meningoencephalitis in adult returning travellers

Kenfak

Epéron

Schibler

et al. 2019

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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a b s t r a c tBackground: Encephalitis and meningoencephalitis are severe, sometime life-threatening infections of the central nervous system. Travellers may be exposed to a variety of neurotropic pathogens. Aims: We propose to review known infectious causes of encephalitis in adults acquired outside Europe, and how to identify them. Sources: We used Pubmed and Embase, to search the most relevant publications over the last years. Content: Microbiologic tests and radiological tools to best identify the causative pathogen in travellers presenting with encephalitis and ME are presented in this narrative review, as well as a diagnostic approach tailored to the visited area and types of exposures. Implications: This review highlights the diagnostic difficulties inherent to exotic causes of central nervous system infections, and attempts to guide clinicians with respect to which microbiological tests to consider, in addition to brain MRI, when approaching a returning traveller presenting with encephalitis.

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Flaviviruses: Yellow Fever, Japanese B, West Nile, and Others

Cited by 11 publications

References 225 publications

Evidence of Infection with Zoonotic Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses in Saltwater Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in Northern Australia

Evidence of Infection with Zoonotic Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses in Saltwater Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in Northern Australia

Roles of NS1 Protein in Flavivirus Pathogenesis

Diagnostic approach to encephalitis and meningoencephalitis in adult returning travellers

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