Flavobacterium aciduliphilum sp. nov., isolated from freshwater, and emended description of the genus Flavobacterium

Abstract

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile and yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, designated strain JJ013 T , was isolated from an artificial lake in Jeollabuk-do, South Korea, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain JJ013T indicated that the isolate belonged to the family Flavobacteriaceae and exhibited similarity levels of 96.6 % to the type strains of Flavobacterium cheonanense and Flavobacterium koreense and 96.5 % to the type strain of Flavobacterium chungnamense. Growth was observed at 20-30 6C and pH 5.0-7.0. The major cellular fatty acids of the novel strain were iso-C 15 : 0 (27.5 %), iso-C 15 : 1 G (17.8 %), iso-C 17 : 0 3-OH (9.4 %) and iso-C 15 : 0 3-OH (9.2 %). Flexirubin-type pigments were present. The DNA G+C content of strain JJ013 T was 33.9 mol%, the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6 (MK-6) and the major polyamine was sym-homospermidine. The polar lipid profile of the strain JJ013 T consisted of a phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), two unknown aminolipids (AL1-2), three unidentified lipid (L1-3) and an unknown glycolipid (GL). On the basis of the morphological and physiological properties and biochemical evidence presented, it is concluded that strain JJ013 T represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium aciduliphilum sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is JJ013 T (5KACC 16594). Since C 15 : 0 , which is known as a predominant fatty acid of the genus Flavobacterium was not detected in the novel strain and other reference strains, we propose an emended description of the genus Flavobacterium.The genus Flavobacterium accommodates Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and yellow-pigmented bacteria and belongs to the phylum Bacteroidetes. The strains of species of the genus Flavobacterium are found in a variety of environments such as soil, freshwater, seawater, wastewater, Antarctic lakes, gut of earthworm and fish tissues. Most species of the Flavobacterium are sensitive to salts and several species are known to cause diseases in freshwater fish (Bernardet & Bowman, 2006;Wakabayashi et al., 1989). A bacterial strain JJ013T was isolated from the Lake Yongdam in Jinan, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea. The strain appeared as yellow colonies after 4 days cultivation at 25 u C on R2A agar (Difco) and was selected for characterization and sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. For 16S rRNA gene sequencing and G+C content, chromosomal DNA was extracted by using a bacteria genomic DNA isolation kit (RBC). The 16S rRNA gene was amplified from the DNA by PCR (Marchesi et al., 1998) using universal bacterial primers 27F and 1492R. Because the similarity between selected strain and most related strains was lower than 96.6 %, it was studied further. The novel strain was routinely grown on R2A agar at 25 u C for 3 days and preserved at 270 u C as a suspension in R2A broth supplemented with glycerol [20 % (v/v)].The closest phylogenetic neighbours were identified using the EzTaxon database (Kim et al., 2012). Phylogenetic...

Flavobacterium brevivitae sp. nov., isolated from river water

“…T contained phosphatidylethanolamine as the predominant polar lipid; the possession of phosphatidylethanolamine as the major polar lipid is consistent with previous descriptions of species of Flavobacterium (Sheu et al, 2011Dong et al, 2013;Kang et al, 2013). Strain TTM-43 T differed from other type strains of the genus Flavobacterium in the presence and proportions of some minor uncharacterized polar lipids.…”

“…Members of the genus Flavobacterium are typically Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that display gliding motility and form yellow colonies. Chemotaxonomically, members of the genus possess menaquinone 6 (MK-6) as the major respiratory quinone, iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 15 : 1 G, iso-C 15 : 0 3-OH, iso-C 16 : 0 3-OH and iso-C 17 : 0 3-OH as the predominant fatty acids, phosphatidylethanolamine as the major polar lipid and DNA G+C contents between 30 and 52 mol% (Bernardet et al, 1996;Bernardet & Bowman, 2006Liu et al, 2010;Dong et al, 2013;Kang et al, 2013). Members of the genus are physiologically diverse: they can be psychrophilic, psychrotolerant or mesophilic, and can be halophilic, halotolerant or sensitive to salts.…”

“…Members of the genus are physiologically diverse: they can be psychrophilic, psychrotolerant or mesophilic, and can be halophilic, halotolerant or sensitive to salts. Strains of the genus Flavobacterium have been reported from diverse habitats such as animals, plants, freshwater, seawater, sediment, soils, glaciers, Antarctic lakes and wastewater treatment plants (Weon et al, 2007;Qu et al, 2009;Zhang et al, 2010;Lim et al, 2011;Sheu et al, 2011Sheu et al, , 2013Dong et al, 2012Dong et al, , 2013Kämpfer et al, 2012;Chen et al, 2013;Glaeser et al, 2013;Kang et al, 2013;Kuo et al, 2013;Fujii et al, 2014;Li et al, 2014).…”

Flavobacterium suaedae sp. nov., an endophyte isolated from the root of Suaeda corniculata

“…Menaquinone 6 (MK-6) is the major respiratory quinone, while C 15 : 0 , iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 15 : 1 G, iso-C 15 : 0 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1 v7c and/or C 16 : 1 v6c), iso-C 16 : 0 3-OH, iso-C 17 : 1 v9c and iso-C 17 : 0 3-OH are the predominant fatty acids, and the genomic DNA G+C contents are in the range of 30-52 mol% (Bernardet & Bowman, 2006Bernardet et al, 1996). Species of the genus Flavobacterium have been isolated from various habitats, including seawater (Bhumika et al, 2013;Fu et al, 2011;Yi et al, 2005), freshwater (Chen et al, 2013;Kacagan et al, 2013;Kang et al, 2013;Kim et al, 2014;Lee et al, 2013;Qu et al, 2009), high-arsenic sediments (Ao et al, 2014), wastewater (Aslam et al, 2005;Liu et al, 2010;Yoon et al, 2009), soil (Dong et al, 2013a, b;Kim et al, 2006), farmland (Chen et al, 2014;Kim et al, 2006;Liu et al, 2008), river sludge (Zhang et al, 2015a), marine sediment (Fu et al, 2011;algae (Miyashita et al, 2010;Nedashkovskaya et al, 2014), compost (Kim et al, 2011(Kim et al, , 2012a, rhizosphere soil (Madhaiyan et al, 2010;Son et al, 2013;Xiao et al, 2011;Zhang et al, 2015b), a glacier (Zhang et al, 2006) and a plant (Kämpfer et al, 2015).…”

Flavobacterium verecundum sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater river

“…The genus Flavobacterium (type species, Flavobacterium aquatile), first established by Bergey et al (1923) and emended by Bernardet et al (1996); Dong et al (2013) and Kang et al (2013), is a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae, phylum Bacteroidetes (Ludwig et al, 2011). Members of the genus Flavobacterium are typically Gram-staining-negative, straight or slightly curved, single rod-shaped bacteria that are non-motile or motile by gliding and form yellow colonies.…”