Flavonoid and chlorogenic acid changes in skin of ‘Elstar’ and ‘Jonagold’ apples during development and ripening

in phenolic compounds in the leaves of scab-resistant and susceptible apple cultivars. Can. J. Plant Sci. 89: 745Á753. Leaf samples were collected from apple varieties susceptible and resistant to apple scab [Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint.] from June to September for 2 yr between 2005 and 2006. These were analyzed for phenolic compounds, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the apple leaves, the following hydroxycinnamic acids were detected: chlorogenic, caffeic and p-coumaric acids; the following dihydrochalcone: phloridzin, and the following flavonoids: epicatechin, catechin, rutin and quercitrin. The total of phenolic compounds in apple leaves was determined spectrophotometrically, using the FolinCiocalteu method. During the growing season, the content of phenolic compounds changed and was related to the physiological stage of the tissue and cultivar used. Each phenolic compound had its own curve of seasonal changes in concentration. In 2005 there was no significant change in total phenols during the growing season. In 2006, their content changed significantly during the growing season; statistically the highest content of total phenols was found in the leaves in August. Total phenols as well as single phenolics were statistically higher in resistant than in susceptible apple varieties for both years.

show abstract

“…1 A). This was also reported by Awad et al (2001) in apple fruit. In September, the phloridzin content was only 30Á40% of the June levels.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

Seasonal changes in phenolic compounds in the leaves of scab-resistant and susceptible apple cultivars

Mikulič-Petkovšek¹,

Štampar²,

Veberič³

2009

Can. J. Plant Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Interestingly, the contents of these polyphenols are strongly dependent on their varieties and maturity (Akiyama et al, 2005;Wu et al, 2007). Especially, total phenolic content (TPC) (Park et al, 2004;Renard et al, 2007), proanthocyanidin (Akiyama et al, 2005), and flavonoid (Awad et al, 2001) are contained in unripe apples 10 times higher than in the ripe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing polyphenol extraction from unripe apples by carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes

Zheng

Hwang

Chung

2009

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:The effects of process variables such as enzyme types, enzyme ratio, reaction temperature, pH, time, and ethanol concentration on the extraction of unripe apple polyphenol were investigated. The results indicated that Viscozyme L had the strongest effect on polyphenols extraction and was selected to study the polyphenol composition. The ratio of enzyme (Viscozyme L) to substrate (2 fungal beta-glucanase units (FBG)) at 0.02, reaction at pH 3.7, 50 °C for 12 h, and ethanol concentration of 70% were chosen as the most favorable extraction condition. Total phenolic content (TPC), reducing sugar content (RSC), and extraction yield increased by about 3, 1.5, and 2 times, respectively, compared with control. The contents of p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid increased to 8, 4, and 32 times, respectively. The enzyme-aided polyphenol extraction process from unripe apples might be applied to food industry for enhancing bioactive compound production.

show abstract

“…1,2 Previous papers have reported on the chemical composition of apple varieties from the USA and from Europe, identifying the main components as esters of caffeic and coumaric acids, procyanidines and flavonols (quercetin glycosylated derivatives). [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] In recent years, an increasing number of publications have reported the chemistry of flavonols, especially in view of their biological (antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-trombotic, vasodilatory, anti-mutagenic and neoplastic) properties and their ability to protect against or inhibit the development of cancer when consumed on a regular basis. 11 Notwithstanding the data available from apple samples cultivated in the Northern hemisphere, it must be pointed out that the production of flavonols may vary in response to different environmental conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-line LC/UV/MS analysis of flavonols in the three apple varieties most widely cultivated in Brazil

Tiberti¹,

Yariwake²,

Ndjoko³

et al. 2007

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Este trabalho apresenta a primeira investigação sobre a estrutura química dos flavonóis presentes em cascas das três variedades de maçãs mais cultivadas no Brasil: Gala, Golden e Fuji. As análises foram feitas por CL/UV/EM (cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector UV com arranjo de diodos acoplada à espectrometria de massas), usando adição pós-coluna de reagentes de deslocamento de UV e também espectrometria de massas de múltiplos estágios (EM n ) com ionização "electrospray" no modo negativo. A identificação "on-line" com base nos dados de CL/UV/EM demonstrou a presença de rutina, hiperosídeo, isoquercitrina, quercitrina e outros três derivados de quercetina-3-O-pentosídeo. As análises por CL/UV/EM também demonstraram que as três variedades de maçã têm perfis cromatográficos semelhantes.This work describes the first detailed investigation into the chemical structures of flavonols present in the three apple varieties most commonly cultivated in Brazil: Gala, Golden and Fuji. The analyses were carried out by LC/UV/MS (high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array UV detection and mass spectrometry), using post-column addition of UV shift reagents, as well as multiple stage mass spectrometry (MS n ) with electrospray ionization in the negative ion mode. Rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, quercetin and three other quercetin-3-pentoside derivatives were identified through the characterization of on-line-based LC/UV/MS data. LC/UV/MS analysis also revealed that the three apple cultivars have similar chromatographic profiles. Keywords: apple, flavonols, LC/UV/MS, UV shift reagents IntroductionApple (Malus domestica Borkh., Rosaceae) cultivation stands out as an important and rapidly growing market segment in Brazil. While a few traditional apple varieties have been locally grown, such as Rainha, Soberana and Brazil varieties, other varieties such as Gala, Golden and Fuji have proved superior in terms of growth and productivity, particularly in Brazil's southern and central regions. 1,2 Previous papers have reported on the chemical composition of apple varieties from the USA and from Europe, identifying the main components as esters of caffeic and coumaric acids, procyanidines and flavonols (quercetin glycosylated derivatives). [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] In recent years, an increasing number of publications have reported the chemistry of flavonols, especially in view of their biological (antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-trombotic, vasodilatory, anti-mutagenic and neoplastic) properties and their ability to protect against or inhibit the development of cancer when consumed on a regular basis. 11 Notwithstanding the data available from apple samples cultivated in the Northern hemisphere, it must be pointed out that the production of flavonols may vary in response to different environmental conditions. 11 Therefore, the possibility of differences in the chemical composition of flavonols from samples cultivated in the Southern hemisphere cannot be e...

show abstract

Flavonoid and chlorogenic acid changes in skin of ‘Elstar’ and ‘Jonagold’ apples during development and ripening

Cited by 136 publications

References 25 publications

Seasonal changes in phenolic compounds in the leaves of scab-resistant and susceptible apple cultivars

Seasonal changes in phenolic compounds in the leaves of scab-resistant and susceptible apple cultivars

Enhancing polyphenol extraction from unripe apples by carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes

On-line LC/UV/MS analysis of flavonols in the three apple varieties most widely cultivated in Brazil

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About