Systematic phytochemical investigation on heat-processed Epimedium koreanum led to the isolation of 13 flavonoids, including five new prenyl-flavonol glycosides,k oreanosidesA-E (1 -5,r esp.).T heir structures were elucidated on the basis of detailed analysis of the 1D-and 2D-NMR spectroscopic data and chemical reactions.A pigenin (11)e xhibited moderate anti-HIV-1 activity with an EC 50 value of 12.8 AE 3.27 mg/ml.Introduction. -Herba epimedii, also named Horny Goat Weed or YinY ang Huo, has been used in Tr aditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)a sat onic, antirheumatic, and aphrodisiac for more than 2000y ears.T he aerialp arts of Epimediumk oreanum (Berberidaceae), togetherwith threeother species, E. brevicornu, E. sagittatum,and E. pubescens,w ere officially adopted in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia [1].P revious chemical and pharmacological investigations on epimedii foundt hat the major bioactivec onstituents are prenyl-flavonoids,w hich exhibit aw ide range of biological activities,s ucha sa nti-osteoporosis,a ndrogenic, anti-inflammatory,a nd anticancer effects [2]. EpimedinC ,i cariin, and baohuoside I, threem ain flavonoids in the crude herb,h ave been used as markers for quality evaluationb yHPLC/UV[ 1] [3].Traditionally,h erba epimedii was processed by heating with sheepf at to enhance hormonal and anti-inflammatory effects [4][5].R eportedly,H PLC analysis showed that the content of prenyl-flavonoid bisdesmosides (such as icarrin and, epimedins A-C) decreased in the heat-processed form, whereas that of monodesmosides (such as baohuoside I) increased [6]. In an in vitro cultured Caco-2 cell model, the absorption and metabolism of the monoglycosideb aohuosideIwas greatert han those of bisdesmoside prenyl-flavonoidsw ith two or more sugar moieties [7].However, no systematic phytochemical study on heat-processed epimedii has been reported.A sacontinuation of our research on medicinal plantsi nt he genus Epimedium [8][9], 13 flavonoids,i ncludingf ive new prenyl-flavonol glycosides, koreanosides A-E( 1 -5,r esp.; Fig. 1), were isolated from heat-processed E.