“…Supplementary Figures S1, S2). The IR spectra for CP and the biomass (S, O) share similar features that are characteristic of typical of polysaccharide materials: -OH/-NH groups (3,000-3,700 cm −1 ); -CH groups (∼2,900 cm −1 ); carbonyl or amide (1,650-1,750 cm −1 ); C-C (1,500-1,600 cm −1 ); C-H bending (1,300-1,450 cm −1 ); C-O/C-O-C (1,000-1,200 cm −1 ); and glycosidic (1,075 cm −1 ) bonds (Zawadzki and Kaczmarek, 2010;Alabi et al, 2020;Dehabadi et al, 2020). Kaolinite differs due to its aluminosilicate structure, as follows: -OH groups (3,600-3,700 cm −1 ), Si-O (1,000-1,150 cm −1 ), Al-OH (900-950 cm −1 ), Si-O-Al (750-800 cm −1 ), and Si-O/Si-O-Al (400-550 cm −1 ).…”