This paper begins with a literature review and framework for analyzing different types of flexibility in manufacturing and how plants can implement each type in different ways. Next, we examine some of the propositions in the framework using data from 31 printed circuit-board plants in Europe, Japan, and the United States. Our findings include the following: (1) More automation is associated empirically with less flexibility, as found in other studies. (2) Non-technology factors, such as high involvement of workers in problem-solving activities, close relationships with suppliers, and flexible wage schemes, are associated with greater mix, volume, and new-product flexibility. (3) Component reusability is significantly correlated with mix and new-product flexibility. (4) Achieving high mix or new-product flexibility does not seem to involve a cost or quality penalty. (5) Mix and newproduct flexibility are mutually reinforcing and tend to be supported by similar factors.(6) Mix flexibility may reduce volume fluctuations, which may theoretically reduce the need for volume flexibility. Based on our analysis and findings, we then suggest several new strategic insights related to the management of flexibility and some potentially fruitful areas for further theoretical and empirical research.