Flexibility Value of Distributed Generation in Transmission Expansion Planning

Stochastic multi‐stage model for co‐planning of transmission system and merchant distributed energy resources

“…On the other hand, distributed energy resources (DERs) have many technical, environmental, and financial advantageous that deferring transmission plans is one of them [4, 5]. Also, DERs are small generating units which can be invested by end users and private investors and can help TSOs to deal with mentioned issues.…”

“…In the first group, TEP is performed such that the decision variables are new transmission lines and transformers that should be added to the power system. In the latter group, TEP is performed with considering new technologies like storage systems [9–13], flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices [14–16], and DERs [4, 5, 17–22] as options for expanding power system.…”

Real options models and analyses for energy transportation systems with jump and diffusion processes: Electric power transmission planning and fuel-carrying ship design

“…In the numerical example, the authors made the assumption that building permits to install the transmission lines are valid for 3 years, which results in a 3-year dynamic programming model. In transmission investment literature, several other research works can be found that prefer using small-scale dynamic programming or lattice models (see, e.g., Loureiro et al 2015;Vásquez and Olsina 2010).…”