Nature offers structural solutions to various optimization problems. For example, an optimal, low-shedding water transport at various scales is achieved with quasi-fractal structures, shown to be close to optimal. In a series of projects, metallic network analogs of some of these solutions to make high-efficiency transparent conductors are studied. Specifically, transparent conductors are developed by directly metalizing leaf venations, spider webs, and other organic fibers. Also, the natural process of self-cracking, similar to that occurring in the mud of dried-out riverbeds, is employed to develop masks for metallic network fabrications. These comprehensive studies and developments contributed to, and in some cases initiate new directions in the field of network transparent conductors. These structures offer performance exceeding those of conventional oxide-based films, while providing a possibility of reduced processing expense. This paper provides a concise, comparative review of this study and other groups' efforts in recent years. In the context of applications, the performance criteria are defined, and with those as a guideline, practicality of the most promising networks is discussed.In response to this need, many new technologies have been proposed and demonstrated, with examples of microstructures resulting from some of these shown in Figure 1. These examples include conducting polymers (Figure 1a), [25][26][27][28] nanotube networks (Figure 1c), [29][30][31] graphene films (Figure 1d), [3,4,[32][33][34] as well as metallic networks (Figure 1b,e-h). [2,6,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] While carbon-based structures (nanotube arrays and graphene films) offer some advantages (flexibility, wet chemistry processing, etc.), their electro-optical performance, and manufacturability are still inferior to those of the oxide-based transparent conductors. Metallic networks, made of individual nanowires or continuous metallic lines, are the most promising candidates for the nonoxide transparent conductors. Conductivity of the metallic networks is determined by the continuity of the metallic lines and their cross-sectional area. The metallic network transparency, in turn, depends on the density of the network lines and the ratio of their perpendicular dimensions to the light wavelength. Metallic nanowire networks consist of random distributions of long metallic nanowires. [29,40,[47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55] While these can be inexpensively processed by wet chemistry, they suffer from poor conductivity due to the large wire-towire contact resistance and large number of such contacts involved. Metallic networks made of continuous metallic lines have been recently developed to remedy this deficiency, and these include periodic [42][43][44] (Figure 1b) and random metallic grids, [2,6,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41] shown in Figure 1e-h.In the search for self-assembled network structures on which such metallic grids could be based, our group has been inspired by Nature, which continually develops m...