Flexible Low-Density Polyethylene–BaTiO<sub>3</sub> Nanoparticle Composites for Monitoring Leakage Current in High-Tension Equipment

Gupta, Ranjeetkumar; Badel, Birzhan; Gupta, Priya; Bucknall, David G.; Flynn, David; Pancholi, Ketan

doi:10.1021/acsanm.0c02719

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Complete thermal decomposition of the LDPE occurs at 500 °C. The introduction of inorganic filler results in a significant increase in the overall thermal stability of the respective polymers [ 33 , 34 , 35 ]. This is exemplified clearly by LDPE + Bi 2 O 3 (15%).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 1 affirms that pure LDPE is stable up to 459.1 • C without the general loss of mass on the respective TGA curve. Complete thermal decomposition of the LDPE occurs at 500 • C. The introduction of inorganic filler results in a significant increase in the overall thermal stability of the respective polymers [33][34][35]. This is exemplified clearly by LDPE + Bi 2 O 3 (15%).…”

Section: Thermal Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 94%

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LDPE/Bismuth Oxide Nanocomposite: Preparation, Characterization and Application in X-ray Shielding

et al. 2021

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Recently developed polymer-based composites could prove useful in many applications such as in radiation shielding. In this work, the potential of a bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) nanofiller based on an LDPE polymer was developed as lead-free X-ray radiation shielding offering the benefits of lightness, low-cost and non-toxic compared to pure lead. Three different LDPE-based composites were prepared with varying weight percentages of Bi2O3: 5%, 10% and 15%. The characterizations were extended to include structural properties, physical features, mechanical and thermal properties, and radiation shielding efficiency for the prepared nanocomposites. The results revealed that the incorporation of the Bi2O3 nanofiller into an LDPE improved the density of the composites. There was also a slight increase in the tensile strength and tensile modulus. In addition, there was a clear improvement in the efficiency of the shield when fillers were added to the LDPE polymer. The LDPE + Bi2O3 (15%) composite needed the lowest thickness to attenuate 50% of the incident X-rays. The LDPE + Bi2O3 (15%) polymer can also block around 80% of X-rays at 47.9 keV. In real practice, a thicker shield of the proposed composite materials, or a higher percentage of the filler could be employed to safely ensure the radiation is blocked.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thermal Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 94%

LDPE/Bismuth Oxide Nanocomposite: Preparation, Characterization and Application in X-ray Shielding

et al. 2021

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“…The emitted ultrasonic signal travels within the Though FMCW has recently been applied as a stand-alone system for NDE of WT blades for studying the delamination, cracks, and water ingress [35,37], the literature shows that there is a wide area of applications for FMCW-based NDE of composites. Due to its nature of interaction with dielectric materials, it can also be used to identify variable materials present in a composite material [151], and the concept can even be extended for a micron-level nanoparticle agglomeration study, which is a critical aspect in bespoke polymer nanocomposites [152][153][154]. However, similar to other methods, it also has some limitations, which include a limited depth of penetration against other methods involving ground penetrating radar, X-ray, Gamma, and neutron [155], in addition to spatial resolution, which is limited by the bandwidth and low power, which limits the penetration depth in the target composite [18,35,36,155].…”

Section: Frequency-modulated Continuous Wave-based Ndementioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Sensing Technologies for Non-Destructive Evaluation of Structural Composite Materials

et al. 2021

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The growing demand and diversity in the application of industrial composites and the current inability of present non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods to perform detailed inspection of these composites has motivated this comprehensive review of sensing technologies. NDE has the potential to be a versatile tool for maintaining composite structures deployed in hazardous and inaccessible areas, such as offshore wind farms and nuclear power plants. Therefore, the future composite solutions need to take into consideration the niche requirements of these high-value/critical applications. Composite materials are intrinsically complex due to their anisotropic and non-homogeneous characteristics. This presents a significant challenge for evaluation and the associated data analysis for NDEs. For example, the quality assurance, certification of composite structures, and early detection of the failure is complex due to the variability and tolerances involved in the composite manufacturing. Adapting existing NDE methods to detect and locate the defects at multiple length scales in the complex materials represents a significant challenge, resulting in a delayed and incorrect diagnosis of the structural health. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the NDE techniques, that includes a detailed discussion of their working principles, setup, advantages, limitations, and usage level for the structural composites. A comparison between these techniques is also presented, providing an insight into the future trends for composites’ prognostic and health management (PHM). Current research trends show the emergence of the non-contact-type NDE (including digital image correlation, infrared tomography, as well as disruptive frequency-modulated continuous wave techniques) for structural composites, and the reasons for their choice over the most popular contact-type (ultrasonic, acoustic, and piezoelectric testing) NDE methods is also discussed. The analysis of this new sensing modality for composites’ is presented within the context of the state-of-the-art and projected future requirements.

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“…PMCs with different functionalities or multifunctionalities can be produced using different types of nanoparticles (NPs) (Figure 1); however, the uniform dispersion of NPs is a precondition to achieve the required functionality. Previously, many nanoparticle dispersion techniques, such as melt blending, solution blending, high-shear mixing and in situ polymerisation, have been used [3][4][5][6][7][8]. However, the in situ PMC manufacturing method is most favoured for preparing PA6 PMC, as it provides the ease of mixing the nanoparticles in a low-viscosity ε-caprolactam monomer before the activator/catalyst-mediated polymerisation [9] is carried out, ensuring effective dispersion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to interface adhesion and MNPs dispersion, the degree of crystallinity and the crystalline structure within the polymer are affected [3,4], which, in turn, affects the multifunctional properties of the synthesised polymer magnetic PMC [1,[10][11][12]. Previously, many nanoparticle dispersion techniques, such as melt blending, solution blending, high-shear mixing and in situ polymerisation, have been used [3][4][5][6][7][8]. However, the in situ PMC manufacturing method is most favoured for preparing PA6 PMC, as it provides the ease of mixing the nanoparticles in a low-viscosity ε-caprolactam monomer before the activator/catalyst-mediated polymerisation [9] is carried out, ensuring effective dispersion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimising Crystallisation during Rapid Prototyping of Fe3O4-PA6 Polymer Nanocomposite Component

2022

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Polymer components capable of self-healing can rapidly be manufactured by injecting the monomer (ε-caprolactam), activator and catalyst mixed with a small amount of magnetic nanoparticles into a steel mould. The anionic polymerisation of the monomer produces a polymer component capturing magnetic nanoparticles in a dispersed state. Any microcracks developed in this nanocomposite component can be healed by exposing it to an external alternating magnetic field. Due to the magnetocaloric effect, the nanoparticles locally melt the polymer in response to the magnetic field and fill the cracks, but the nanoparticles require establishing a network within the matrix of the polymer through effective dispersion for functional and uniform melting. The dispersed nanoparticles, however, affect the degree of crystallinity of the polymer depending on the radius of gyration of the polymer chain and the diameter of the magnetic nanoparticle agglomerates. The variation in the degree of crystallinity and crystallite size induced by nanoparticles can affect the melting temperature as well as its mechanical strength after testing for applications, such as stimuli-based self-healing. In the case of in situ synthesis of the polyamide-6 (PA6) magnetic nanocomposite (PMC), there is an opportunity to alter the degree of crystallinity and crystallite size by optimising the catalyst and activator concentration in the monomer. This optimisation method offers an opportunity to tune the crystallinity and, thus, the properties of PMC, which otherwise can be affected by the addition of nanoparticles. To study the effect of the concentration of the catalyst and activator on thermal properties, the degree of crystallinity and the crystallite size of the component (PMC), the ratio of activator and catalyst is varied during the anionic polymerisation of ε-caprolactam, but the concentration of Fe3O4 nanoparticles is kept constant at 1 wt%. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), XRD (X-ray diffraction) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to find the required concentration of the activator and catalyst for optimum properties. It was observed that the sample with 30% N-acetyl caprolactam (NACL) (with 50% EtMgBr) among all of the samples was most suitable to Rapid Prototype the PMC dog-bone sample with the desired degree of crystallinity and required formability.

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Flexible Low-Density Polyethylene–BaTiO₃ Nanoparticle Composites for Monitoring Leakage Current in High-Tension Equipment

Abstract: Flexible low-density polyethylene-BaTiO3 nanoparticle composites for monitoring leakage current in high-tension equipment. [Dataset].

Cited by 18 publications

References 36 publications

LDPE/Bismuth Oxide Nanocomposite: Preparation, Characterization and Application in X-ray Shielding

LDPE/Bismuth Oxide Nanocomposite: Preparation, Characterization and Application in X-ray Shielding

A Review of Sensing Technologies for Non-Destructive Evaluation of Structural Composite Materials

Optimising Crystallisation during Rapid Prototyping of Fe3O4-PA6 Polymer Nanocomposite Component

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Flexible Low-Density Polyethylene–BaTiO3 Nanoparticle Composites for Monitoring Leakage Current in High-Tension Equipment

Abstract: Flexible low-density polyethylene-BaTiO3 nanoparticle composites for monitoring leakage current in high-tension equipment. [Dataset].

Cited by 18 publications

References 36 publications

LDPE/Bismuth Oxide Nanocomposite: Preparation, Characterization and Application in X-ray Shielding

LDPE/Bismuth Oxide Nanocomposite: Preparation, Characterization and Application in X-ray Shielding

A Review of Sensing Technologies for Non-Destructive Evaluation of Structural Composite Materials

Optimising Crystallisation during Rapid Prototyping of Fe3O4-PA6 Polymer Nanocomposite Component

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Product

Resources

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Flexible Low-Density Polyethylene–BaTiO₃ Nanoparticle Composites for Monitoring Leakage Current in High-Tension Equipment