Flexible multilayered transparent electrodes with less than 50 nm thickness using nitrogen-doped silver layers for flexible heaters

Kim, Gayoung; Lim, Jung Wook; Lee, Jaehee; Heo, Su Jae

doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2021.111703

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…This is not unexpected, as N doping of the Ag layer has been shown to greatly improve film coalescence. 24,31,32 As a result, Ag (N) :0% coatings deposited at a thickness of 6 nm display significantly lower performance, with high sheet resistance and low transmission attributable to a discontinuous morphology and plasmonic absorption. While the substitution of Si 3 N 4 with ZnO (Al) offers significant improvement in both regards, these coatings still underperform when compared to those deposited with N 2 in the sputtering gas mixture.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, rough, discontinuous, or partially coalesced films will have poor conduction and increased absorption due to localized surface plasmon resonance. , Different methods can be used to suppress this effect, namely the usage of an appropriate seed layer to decrease the surface energy mismatch of Ag and the substrate, ,, different dopants or gas additives (Al, O 2 , N 2 ) to modify the Ag’s surface energy or mobility. − As most dopants impact Ag’s optical properties, often negatively, ,, this work focuses on studying the use of aluminum-doped zinc oxide (ZnO (Al) ) and nitrogen-doped silver (Ag (N) ). ZnO, frequently doped with gallium or aluminum, is ubiquitous as a transparent seed layer for Ag, and nitrogen addition has garnered significant attention as it has been demonstrated that it can accelerate continuous film formation with negligible effect on Ag optical properties. ,, …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhanced Durability and Antireflective Performance of Ag-Based Transparent Conductors Achieved via Controlled N-Doping

Rumsby,

Baloukas,

Zabeida

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Ag-based transparent conductors (TCs) are often proposed as an alternative to ITO coatings. However, while their performance has been widely demonstrated, their environmental durability is frequently overlooked or addressed with the use of highly specific encapsulating layers. In this work, the durability and antireflective performance of Ag-based TCs are simultaneously enhanced. To do so, a transfer matrix modeling approach is used to determine the general requirements for high performance antireflective properties as a function of Ag thickness and dielectric refractive indices, offering more widely applicable insight into stack optimization. Coating durability is investigated as a function of the Ag microstructure, which is modified by altering the N 2 concentration used for doping of the Ag layer and the selection of the seed layer. Increasing N 2 concentration during Ag deposition was found to decrease grain size and durability of Ag coatings deposited on Si 3 N 4 whereas all coatings on ZnO (Al) showed higher stability. Significantly higher durability is found when specifically combining intermediate N 2 concentrations in the sputtering gas mixture (Ag (N) :5%, compared to 0% and 50%) and a ZnO (Al) seed layer, and a mechanism accounting for this increased durability is proposed. The addition of NiCrN x protective coatings increases the system durability without altering these trends. These findings are combined to fabricate a highly performant Ag-based TC (T V = 89.2%, R V FS = 0.23%, 21.4 Ω), which shows minimal property changes following corrosion testing by immersion in a heated and highly concentrated aqueous NaCl solution (200 g/L, 50 °C).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Durability and Antireflective Performance of Ag-Based Transparent Conductors Achieved via Controlled N-Doping

Rumsby,

Baloukas,

Zabeida

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…More recently, Kim et al reported on the fabrication of flexible OMO multilayer TEs with less than 50 nm thickness, using nitrogen-doped Ag layers as the sandwiched metal. 276 The ∼20 nm thick Al-doped ZnO was used as both the top and bottom oxide layers, and the thickness of the Ag film was 9 nm, owing to the doping effect of N 2 that substantially lowered the percolation threshold for film formation. The multilayered flexible TE exhibited a high transmittance of 96% at wavelength of 550 nm and low sheet resistance of 8.5 Ω □ −1 , and no significant changes in the sheet resistance was observed after 5,000 bending cycles.…”

Section: Metal Mesh-based Flexible and Stretchablementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The optimized thicknesses of 56 nm/6.5 nm/24 nm for the Al 2 O 3 /Cu-Ag alloy/ZnO, respectively, resulted in sheet resistance of 18.6 Ω □ –1 and absolution transmittance of 88.4%. More recently, Kim et al reported on the fabrication of flexible OMO multilayer TEs with less than 50 nm thickness, using nitrogen-doped Ag layers as the sandwiched metal . The ∼20 nm thick Al-doped ZnO was used as both the top and bottom oxide layers, and the thickness of the Ag film was 9 nm, owing to the doping effect of N 2 that substantially lowered the percolation threshold for film formation.…”

Section: Strategies For Flexible and Stretchable Device Fabricationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible and Stretchable Light-Emitting Diodes and Photodetectors for Human-Centric Optoelectronics

Chang,

Koo,

Yoo

et al. 2024

Chem. Rev.

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Optoelectronic devices with unconventional form factors, such as flexible and stretchable light-emitting or photoresponsive devices, are core elements for the nextgeneration human-centric optoelectronics. For instance, these deformable devices can be utilized as closely fitted wearable sensors to acquire precise biosignals that are subsequently uploaded to the cloud for immediate examination and diagnosis, and also can be used for vision systems for human-interactive robotics. Their inception was propelled by breakthroughs in novel optoelectronic material technologies and device blueprinting methodologies, endowing flexibility and mechanical resilience to conventional rigid optoelectronic devices. This paper reviews the advancements in such soft optoelectronic device technologies, honing in on various materials, manufacturing techniques, and device design strategies. We will first highlight the general approaches for flexible and stretchable device fabrication, including the appropriate material selection for the substrate, electrodes, and insulation layers. We will then focus on the materials for flexible and stretchable lightemitting diodes, their device integration strategies, and representative application examples. Next, we will move on to the materials for flexible and stretchable photodetectors, highlighting the state-of-the-art materials and device fabrication methods, followed by their representative application examples. At the end, a brief summary will be given, and the potential challenges for further development of functional devices will be discussed as a conclusion.

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“…27,28 In contrast, oxide/metal/oxide (OMO) electrodes exhibit excellent flexibility compared with conventional ITO electrodes. 29 Moreover, OMO electrodes overcome the trade-off relationship between transmittance and sheet resistance because each layer of OMO is assigned to a bottom layer, metal layer, and top optoelectronic controlling layer (OCL) to facilitate independent transmittance and sheet resistance control. 30,31 Therefore, OMO electrodes with varying transmittance, reflectance, and low resistance outcomes were fabricated by tuning the top OCL thickness with the thicknesses of the bottom layer and metal layer fixed at their optimum values.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Color Implementation of High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells by Using Transparent Multilayered Electrodes

Park

Lim

Heo

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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Color implementation of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has become essential to satisfy the increasingly demanding aesthetic requirements. In this study, color implementation of highefficiency PSCs was realized by using AZO/Ag/AZO transparent multilayered electrodes in the bottom layer/metal layer/top optoelectronic controlling layer and by tuning the thickness of the top optoelectronic controlling layer through optical interference. The developed AZO/Ag/AZO transparent multilayered electrodes exhibited excellent electrical and optical properties with a high transmittance (94.96%), a low sheet resistance (6.09 Ω/sq), and controlled reflectance. We implemented four color (yellow, purple, blue, and green) perovskites by using AZO/Ag/AZO transparent multilayered electrodes. Furthermore, we fabricated PSCs with a high efficiency of 18.3% by optimizing AZO/Ag/AZO transparent multilayered electrodes. Therefore, a simple method was proposed to fabricate high-efficiency colored PSCs.

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Flexible multilayered transparent electrodes with less than 50 nm thickness using nitrogen-doped silver layers for flexible heaters

Cited by 8 publications

References 54 publications

Enhanced Durability and Antireflective Performance of Ag-Based Transparent Conductors Achieved via Controlled N-Doping

Enhanced Durability and Antireflective Performance of Ag-Based Transparent Conductors Achieved via Controlled N-Doping

Flexible and Stretchable Light-Emitting Diodes and Photodetectors for Human-Centric Optoelectronics

Color Implementation of High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells by Using Transparent Multilayered Electrodes

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