Flexible perovskite solar cells with simultaneously improved efficiency, operational stability, and mechanical reliability

Dong, Qingshun; Chen, Min; Liu, Yuhang; Eickemeyer, Felix T.; Zhao, Weidong; Dai, Zhenghong; Yin, Yanfeng; Jiang, Chen; Feng, Jiangshan; Jin, Shengye; Liu, Shengzhong; Zakeeruddin, Shaik M.; Grätzel, Michaël; Padture, Nitin P.; Shi, Yantao

doi:10.1016/j.joule.2021.04.014

Cited by 152 publications

(171 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…[8][9][10] Particularly, their low-temperature solution processability and relatively good mechanical durability compatible with flexible or stretchable applications are advantageous compared with crystalline silicon (c-Si) based solar cells that are rigid and grown under high temperatures. [11][12][13] However, the record efficiency of PSCs is limited by their near infrared (NIR) photon loss from solar spectrum due to nonideal absorption onset below 850 nm for Pb-based perovskites. One way to overcome NIR photon loss is to tailor the bandgap (E g ) by adjusting perovskite compositions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Low‐Bandgap Organic Bulk‐Heterojunction Enabled Efficient and Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells

Zhang

et al. 2021

Advanced Materials

114

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Lead halide perovskite and organic solar cells (PSCs and OSCs) are considered as the prime candidates currently for clean energy applications due to their solution and low‐temperature processibility. Nevertheless, the substantial photon loss in near‐infrared (NIR) region and relatively large photovoltage deficit need to be improved to enable their uses in high‐performance solar cells. To mitigate these disadvantages, low‐bandgap organic bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) layer into inverted PSCs to construct facile hybrid solar cells (HSCs) is integrated. By optimizing the BHJ components, an excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.80%, with a decent open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.146 V and extended photoresponse over 950 nm for rigid HSCs is achieved. The resultant devices also exhibit superior long‐term (over 1000 h) ambient‐ and photostability compared to those from single‐component PSCs and OSCs. More importantly, a champion PCE of 21.73% and excellent mechanical durability can also be achieved in flexible HSCs, which is the highest efficiency reported for flexible solar cells to date. Taking advantage of these impressive device performances, flexible HSCs into a power source for wearable sensors to demonstrate real‐time temperature monitoring are successfully integrated.

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confidence: 99%

Low‐Bandgap Organic Bulk‐Heterojunction Enabled Efficient and Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells

Zhang

et al. 2021

Advanced Materials

114

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“…Notably, many recent studies have opted for choosing a much higher number of bending cycles. [77,[143][144][145] Furthermore, to thoroughly evaluate the mechanical properties of a cell, it may be more preferable to fully test the different bending motions (inward and outward bending), while also studying the microscopic mechanisms for bending fatigue, as shown in Figure 5a,b, respectively. [141] Besides investigating the mechanical flexibility against deformation, the study of the mechanical stability in flexible photovoltaics is critical to prevent device failures.…”

Section: Testing Mechanical Flexibility In Solar Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, the record PCE in flexible PSCs is 21.0% using a mixed-composition perovskite layer and an ITO/PET electrode, while the PSCs maintained 81% of the initial PCE after 20 000 cycles at a bending radius of 5 mm. [143] The application of metallic transparent electrodes is not limited to the aforementioned flexible OSCs. In fact, flexible PSCs are very promising and currently attracting enormous research interests.…”

Section: Flexible Pscs Using Transparent Metal-based Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Progress on Emerging Transparent Metallic Electrodes for Flexible Organic and Perovskite Photovoltaics

2021

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The rapid development of smart and wearable electronics calls for revolutionizing optoelectronics to become flexible, lightweight, and affordable. To meet these demands in photovoltaic devices, that is, solar cells, it is essential to develop mechanically flexible transparent electrodes over the conventional rigid ones while features such as low‐temperature procedures, stability, solution process, and/or low cost are highly desired and often required. Moreover, the optoelectronic properties of an electrode must not be compromised in an operational flexible cell. Despite the considerable challenges, various bendable transparent electrodes for solar cells have emerged in recent years. Particularly, transparent electrodes based on metallic materials are especially attractive as metal offers excellent conductivity and their formation processing is generally mature and commercially viable. This work aims to provide an overview of the recent development of metal‐based transparent electrodes for flexible organic and perovskite photovoltaics. After the introduction, metallic materials for the transparent electrodes including nanowires, meshes/grids, and films are discussed. The procedures and protocols for cell flexibility testing are summarized, before highlighting recent progress on fully functional, high‐efficiency flexible organic and perovskite solar cells using these transparent metallic electrodes. Finally, the challenges and outlook of the research field are discussed.

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“…[2] Meanwhile, flexible devices have also reached the highest PCE of 21.05%. [3] The merits of PSCs, such as low cost, suitable bandgaps for indoor light sources such as lightemitting diodes (LEDs), and simply fabricating flexible devices, [4][5][6][7] also enhance the indoor commercialization possibility. [8] In the past several years, research on indoor photovoltaics has also accelerated, which promotes the realization of the idea of the indoor Internet of Things (IoT) in the future.…”

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confidence: 99%

Full‐Dimensional Grain Boundary Stress Release for Flexible Perovskite Indoor Photovoltaics

Chen

Lou

et al. 2022

Advanced Materials

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efficiency (PCE) of rigid-substrate-based devices has exceeded 25%. [2] Meanwhile, flexible devices have also reached the highest PCE of 21.05%. [3] The merits of PSCs, such as low cost, suitable bandgaps for indoor light sources such as lightemitting diodes (LEDs), and simply fabricating flexible devices, [4][5][6][7] also enhance the indoor commercialization possibility. [8] In the past several years, research on indoor photovoltaics has also accelerated, which promotes the realization of the idea of the indoor Internet of Things (IoT) in the future. [9] The surfaces of indoor small electronic devices are usually irregularly curved. Compared to devices with rigid substrates, flexible devices can better fit the surface of small electrical appliances, which can increase the effective functional area and widen the application field range. [10] As the demand for adaptation to various indoor application scenarios, the mechanical stability of flexible devices is a very important concern. [11][12][13][14] Herein, we get inspiration from the balloon glue. The reason that balloon glue can deform so sharply but not break contributes to the cross-linking agent borax (Na 2 B 4 O 7 ). Borax is a common crosslinking agent that has excellent flexibility. The oxygen ion groups at both sides of the molecule can form stronger coordination bonds with lead than the lead-iodine bond, thereby acting as a stretch bridge at grain boundaries of perovskite films. We conducted physical tensile tests and extreme temperature variation tests (−180 to 150 °C) on the optimized films and found that the treated films exhibited better mechanical stability and phase stability. To prove the indoor application prospects of flexible devices, we first systematically reported the trap density of states of flexible devices under different light intensities. It is found that the trap density of formamidinium-lead-iodide (FAPbI 3 )-based perovskite is reduced after optimization, which is more suitable for indoor applications. [15,16] Meanwhile, since the improved film formation quality of perovskite contributed to passivation treatment of borax, the champion PCE of optimized rigid and flexible PSCs reached 23.05% and 21.63%, respectively, under AM 1.5G illumination. Moreover, the flexible device presents an a superior indoor PCE of 31.85% under 1062 lux (LED, 2956 K), which is currently the best flexible perovskite indoor photovoltaic device.Perovskite photovoltaics are strong potential candidates to drive low-power off-grid electronics for indoor applications. Compared with rigid devices, flexible perovskite devices can provide a more suitable surface for indoor small electronic devices, enabling them have a broader indoor application prospect. However, the mechanical stability of flexible perovskite photovoltaics is an urgent issue solved. Herein, a kind of 3D crosslinking agent named borax is selected to carry out grain boundary penetration treatment on perovskite film to realize full-dimensional stress release. This strategy improves the mechanical a...

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Flexible perovskite solar cells with simultaneously improved efficiency, operational stability, and mechanical reliability

Cited by 152 publications

References 47 publications

Low‐Bandgap Organic Bulk‐Heterojunction Enabled Efficient and Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells

Low‐Bandgap Organic Bulk‐Heterojunction Enabled Efficient and Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells

Recent Progress on Emerging Transparent Metallic Electrodes for Flexible Organic and Perovskite Photovoltaics

Full‐Dimensional Grain Boundary Stress Release for Flexible Perovskite Indoor Photovoltaics

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