Flexible Polymer Shape Sensor Based on Planar Waveguide Bragg Gratings

Rosenberger, M.; Pauer, Hendrikje; Girschikofsky, Maiko; Woern, Heinz; Schmauß, Bernhard; Hellmann, Ralf

doi:10.1109/lpt.2016.2574889

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Regarding wearable photonics, polymer‐based flexible photonics are studied and developed due to ease of fabrication, good flexibility, and stretchability 172‐174 . Since most organic bonds are absorbing beyond the near‐infrared which is defined as the electromagnetic spectrum covering from the approximate end of the response of the human eye to that of silicon, polymer‐based flexible photonics are mainly used in the near‐infrared and visible range.…”

Section: General Wearable Electronics and Wearable Photonicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in wearable electronics/photonics—Moving toward the era of artificial intelligence and internet of things

Shi

Dong

et al. 2020

InfoMat

453

233

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The past few years have witnessed the significant impacts of wearable electronics/photonics on various aspects of our daily life, for example, healthcare monitoring and treatment, ambient monitoring, soft robotics, prosthetics, flexible display, communication, human‐machine interactions, and so on. According to the development in recent years, the next‐generation wearable electronics and photonics are advancing rapidly toward the era of artificial intelligence (AI) and internet of things (IoT), to achieve a higher level of comfort, convenience, connection, and intelligence. Herein, this review provides an opportune overview of the recent progress in wearable electronics, photonics, and systems, in terms of emerging materials, transducing mechanisms, structural configurations, applications, and their further integration with other technologies. First, development of general wearable electronics and photonics is summarized for the applications of physical sensing, chemical sensing, human‐machine interaction, display, communication, and so on. Then self‐sustainable wearable electronics/photonics and systems are discussed based on system integration with energy harvesting and storage technologies. Next, technology fusion of wearable systems and AI is reviewed, showing the emergence and rapid development of intelligent/smart systems. In the last section of this review, perspectives about the future development trends of the next‐generation wearable electronics/photonics are provided, that is, toward multifunctional, self‐sustainable, and intelligent wearable systems in the AI/IoT era.

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Section: General Wearable Electronics and Wearable Photonicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in wearable electronics/photonics—Moving toward the era of artificial intelligence and internet of things

Shi

Dong

et al. 2020

InfoMat

453

233

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Since a material substitution by optical polymers, instead, is in general accompanied by notable advantages such as biocompatibility as well as less intricate and costly fabrication procedures besides broadly tunable optical, thermal, and mechanical properties [ 19 , 20 ], polymer-based PBG designs suggest further appealing and particularly inexpensive sensor solutions beyond the material limits of silica and silicon. For instance, two-dimensional mechanical strain sensing as well as humidity insensitive shape sensing were achieved with polymer Bragg gratings in bulk polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) substrates [ 21 , 22 ]. Moreover, the cross-linked optical epoxy polymer negative photoresist EpoCore (micro resist technology) turned out to offer exceptional material properties such as high mechanical and extreme chemical robustness [ 23 ] compared with COC and PMMA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep UV Formation of Long-Term Stable Optical Bragg Gratings in Epoxy Waveguides and Their Biomedical Sensing Potentials

Hessler

Rüth

Lemke

et al. 2021

Sensors

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In this article, we summarize our investigations on optimized 248 nm deep ultraviolet (UV) fabrication of highly stable epoxy polymer Bragg grating sensors and their application for biomedical purposes. Employing m-line spectroscopy, deep UV photosensitivity of cross-linked EpoCore thin films in terms of responding refractive index change is determined to a maximum of Δn = + (1.8 ± 0.2) × 10−3. All-polymer waveguide Bragg gratings are fabricated by direct laser irradiation of lithographic EpoCore strip waveguides on compatible Topas 6017 substrates through standard +1/-1-order phase masks. According near-field simulations of realistic non-ideal phase masks provide insight into UV dose-dependent characteristics of the Bragg grating formation. By means of online monitoring, arising Bragg reflections during grating inscription via beforehand fiber-coupled waveguide samples, an optimum laser parameter set for well-detectable sensor reflection peaks in respect of peak strength, full width at half maximum and grating attenuation are derived. Promising blood analysis applications of optimized epoxy-based Bragg grating sensors are demonstrated in terms of bulk refractive index sensing of whole blood and selective surface refractive index sensing of human serum albumin.

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“…In general, polymer planar Bragg gratings (PPBG) provide the same advantages as POF-BGs, while they are additionally easy to handle and enable the utilization of mass-produced injection-molded substrates. Moreover, they offer straightforward multidimensional strain sensing by monitoring multiple photonic structures on one single substrate [ 8 , 9 ]. To date, a variety of polymer-optic materials, such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) [ 10 , 11 , 12 ], hybrid organic-inorganic polymers [ 13 , 14 , 15 ], epoxy-based photoresists [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ] and cyclic olefin copolymers (COC), Reference [ 20 ] can be employed to fabricate PPBGs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure-Based Fiber-To-Chip Coupling of Polymer Planar Bragg Gratings for Harsh Environment Applications

Kefer

Sauer

Hessler

et al. 2020

Sensors

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This article proposes and demonstrates a robust microstructure-based fiber-to-chip coupling scheme for planar Bragg grating devices. A polymer planar Bragg grating substrate is manufactured and microstructured by means of a micromilling process, while the respective photonic structures are generated by employing a sophisticated single-writing UV-exposure method. A stripped standard single mode fiber is inserted into the microstructure, which is filled with a UV-curable adhesive, and aligned with the integrated waveguide. After curing, final sensor assembly and thermal treatment, the proposed coupling scheme is capable of withstanding pressures up to 10 bar, at room temperature, and pressures up to 7.5 bar at an elevated temperature of 120 °C. Additionally, the coupling scheme is exceedingly robust towards tensile forces, limited only by the tensile strength of the employed single mode fiber. Due to its outstanding robustness, the coupling scheme enables the application of planar Bragg grating devices in harsh environments. This fact is underlined by integrating a microstructure-coupled photonic device into the center of a commercial-grade carbon fiber-reinforced polymer specimen. After its integration, the polymer-based Bragg grating sensor still exhibits a reflection peak with a dynamic range of 24 dB, and can thus be employed for sensing purposes.

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Flexible Polymer Shape Sensor Based on Planar Waveguide Bragg Gratings

Cited by 18 publications

References 10 publications

Progress in wearable electronics/photonics—Moving toward the era of artificial intelligence and internet of things

Progress in wearable electronics/photonics—Moving toward the era of artificial intelligence and internet of things

Deep UV Formation of Long-Term Stable Optical Bragg Gratings in Epoxy Waveguides and Their Biomedical Sensing Potentials

Microstructure-Based Fiber-To-Chip Coupling of Polymer Planar Bragg Gratings for Harsh Environment Applications

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