Flexible Transparent Electrodes Based on Silver Nanowires: Material Synthesis, Fabrication, Performance, and Applications

Zhu, Yuwen; Deng, Yujun; Yi, Peiyun; Peng, Linfa; Lai, Xinmin; Lin, Zhongqin

doi:10.1002/admt.201900413

Cited by 100 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 209 publications

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“… 1 Promising candidates to replace ITO are carbon nanotubes, metal nanowires, graphene, or conductive polymers. 2 , 4 Of these, AgNW networks are most promising, as they fulfill the requirement of a high transmittance (∼ 90%) combined with a low sheet resistance ( R S ≤ 100 Ω/sq) needed for OSC applications. 4 , 5 Moreover, they have the advantage of low-cost solution processability.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Microscopic Deformation Modes and Impact of Network Anisotropy on the Mechanical and Electrical Performance of Five-fold Twinned Silver Nanowire Electrodes

et al. 2020

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Silver nanowire (AgNW) networks show excellent optical, electrical, and mechanical properties, which make them ideal candidates for transparent electrodes in flexible and stretchable devices. Various coating strategies and testing setups have been developed to further improve their stretchability and to evaluate their performance. Still, a comprehensive microscopic understanding of the relationship between mechanical and electrical failure is missing. In this work, the fundamental deformation modes of five-fold twinned AgNWs in anisotropic networks are studied by large-scale SEM straining tests that are directly correlated with corresponding changes in the resistance. A pronounced effect of the network anisotropy on the electrical performance is observed, which manifests itself in a one order of magnitude lower increase in resistance for networks strained perpendicular to the preferred wire orientation. Using a scale-bridging microscopy approach spanning from NW networks to single NWs to atomic-scale defects, we were able to identify three fundamental deformation modes of NWs, which together can explain this behavior: (i) correlated tensile fracture of NWs, (ii) kink formation due to compression of NWs in transverse direction, and (iii) NW bending caused by the interaction of NWs in the strained network. A key observation is the extreme deformability of AgNWs in compression. Considering HRTEM and MD simulations, this behavior can be attributed to specific defect processes in the five-fold twinned NW structure leading to the formation of NW kinks with grain boundaries combined with V-shaped surface reconstructions, both counteracting NW fracture. The detailed insights from this microscopic study can further improve fabrication and design strategies for transparent NW network electrodes.

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confidence: 99%

“…In addition, AgNW electrodes can tolerate twisting and torsion motions. 2 , 3 , 11 These properties also facilitate the use of AgNW networks as strain sensors, for instance, as wearable sensors for motion tracking in healthcare applications. 7 , 12 − 14 In order to increase the strain to failure of NW electrodes, buckled structures were invented.…”

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confidence: 99%

Microscopic Deformation Modes and Impact of Network Anisotropy on the Mechanical and Electrical Performance of Five-fold Twinned Silver Nanowire Electrodes

et al. 2020

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“…www.advelectronicmat.de before the scale-up production. [190] Metal meshes show the best balance between optical and electrical performance thanks to their highly tunable architectures. However, the fabrication of metal meshes is still costly and complicated even though some metal mesh-based FTEs are already available in the market.…”

Section: Metal Meshesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal‐Based Flexible Transparent Electrodes: Challenges and Recent Advances

Zhang

Zheng

2021

Adv Elect Materials

111

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nanotubes [CNTs] and graphene), and metal-based materials are superior to ITO in the mechanical flexibility and the potential for roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacture. [16,17] Yet, a common drawback of FTEs made of conducting polymers, CNTs, and graphene is the inferior electrical conductivity. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] Po l y ( 3 , 4 -e t h y l e n e d i o x y t h i o p h e n e )poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is one of the most widely used conducting polymers. PEDOT:PSS shows the lowest cost among various transparent electrode materials, [25] but the low intrinsic conductivity, poor environmental stability (upon exposure to high temperature, high humidity, or UV irradiation), and self-emission of blue/green tinge limit its applications in flexible optoelectronics. [1,26] Whereas individual CNT and graphene may exhibit excellent conductivity, thin films made of multijunctional assembly of these nanomaterials show high contact resistance at the junctions. [27,28] The surface defects and polycrystallinity of these carbon materials, which are difficult to eliminate, further decrease the conductivity. [28][29][30][31][32][33] On the other hand, metals possess the highest electrical conductivity among all kinds of materials. [34] Thin and surface-structured metal electrodes are optically transparent and mechanically flexible. The combinatorial attributes of high conductivity, tunable transmittance, and engineerable flexibility make metal-based materials the most promising candidates for FTEs. [3,35] To date, there are three major types of metal-based FTEs (m-FTEs), including ultrathin metal films, metal nanowire networks, and metal meshes. Each type of m-FTEs shows unique advantages and critical challenges toward large-scale applications as summarized in Figure 1.This article discusses the characteristics and major challenges of each type of m-FTEs, and reviews their research advances in recent years. It then discusses the ability to achieve scalable production of these m-FTEs from the point of view of materials choice and fabrication technology. Finally, it provides perspectives on the transition from lab study to industry fabrication of m-FTEs in the future. Metal-Based-Flexible Transparent Electrodes Made of Ultrathin Metal FilmsUltrathin and homogeneous metal (such as Ag, Au, Cu, or Al) films with a thickness of 10-20 nm exhibit good electrical Flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) with high optical transmittance, low sheet resistance, and high flexibility are critical and indispensable components of emerging flexible optoelectronic devices. Indium tin oxide (ITO), the major transparent conductive material used for optoelectronics nowadays, is not suitable for flexible applications because of its brittleness. In the past decade, researchers have developed a wide variety of new transparent conductive materials to replace ITO, among which metal-based FTEs (m-FTEs) including ultrathin metal films, metal nanowire networks, and metal meshes appear to be particularly promising. In this review, the authors summarize ...

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“…AgNWs have been widely applied in electronics. In particular, there have been promising developments in transparent conductive electrode (TCE) manufacturing for next generation touchscreens by applying AgNWs [351][352][353][354]. To name a few, C3Nano ® , Cambrios ® , and 3M ® are among the companies that have been developing AgNW-based inks for TCEs used in the flexible touchscreens manufacturing.…”

Section: Effect Of Concentration/concentration Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

Kaabipour¹,

Hemmati²

2021

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.

123

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The significance of silver nanostructures has been growing considerably, thanks to their ubiquitous presence in numerous applications, including but not limited to renewable energy, electronics, biosensors, wastewater treatment, medicine, and clinical equipment. The properties of silver nanostructures, such as size, size distribution, and morphology, are strongly dependent on synthesis process conditions such as the process type, equipment type, reagent type, precursor concentration, temperature, process duration, and pH. Physical and chemical methods have been among the most common methods to synthesize silver nanostructures; however, they possess substantial disadvantages and short-comings, especially compared to green synthesis methods. On the contrary, the number of green synthesis techniques has been increasing during the last decade and they have emerged as alternative routes towards facile and effective synthesis of silver nanostructures with different morphologies. In this review, we have initially outlined the most common and popular chemical and physical methodologies and reviewed their advantages and disadvantages. Green synthesis methodologies are then discussed in detail and their advantages over chemical and physical methods have been noted. Recent studies are then reviewed in detail and the effects of essential reaction parameters, such as temperature, pH, precursor, and reagent concentration, on silver nanostructure size and morphology are discussed. Also, green synthesis techniques used for the synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) silver nanostructures have been reviewed, and the potential of alternative green reagents for their synthesis has been discussed. Furthermore, current challenges regarding the green synthesis of 1D silver nanostructures and future direction are outlined. To sum up, we aim to show the real potential of green nanotechnology towards the synthesis of silver nanostructures with various morphologies (especially 1D ones) and the possibility of altering current techniques towards more environmentally friendly, more energy-efficient, less hazardous, simpler, and cheaper procedures.

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Flexible Transparent Electrodes Based on Silver Nanowires: Material Synthesis, Fabrication, Performance, and Applications

Cited by 100 publications

References 209 publications

Microscopic Deformation Modes and Impact of Network Anisotropy on the Mechanical and Electrical Performance of Five-fold Twinned Silver Nanowire Electrodes

Microscopic Deformation Modes and Impact of Network Anisotropy on the Mechanical and Electrical Performance of Five-fold Twinned Silver Nanowire Electrodes

Metal‐Based Flexible Transparent Electrodes: Challenges and Recent Advances

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

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