Flexoelectricity in polycrystalline TiO2 thin films

Maier, F.J.; Schneider, Michael; Schrattenholzer, Jürgen; Artner, Werner; Hradil, K.; Artemenko, Anna; Kromka, Alexander; Schmid, U.

doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2020.03.018

Cited by 20 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In the process of exploiting the flexoelectric effect in microelectromechanical and nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS), a cantilever serves as the simplest building block and represents a free-standing capacitor. Past experiments have shown that the paraelectric material-based cantilevers undergo bending when they are subjected to an electric field, and a schematic of this phenomenon is represented in Figure a . The converse flexoelectric coefficients were characterized using a trapezoidal block sample of BST (barium strontium titanate), and the flexoelectric displacement was observed to be on the order of angstroms .…”

Section: Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Past experiments have shown that the paraelectric material-based cantilevers undergo bending when they are subjected to an electric field, and a schematic of this phenomenon is represented in Figure 20a. 138 The converse flexoelectric coefficients were characterized using a trapezoidal block sample of BST (barium strontium titanate), and the flexoelectric displacement was observed to be on the order of angstroms. 139 In another work by Shen et al, 140 the converse flexoelectric effect was studied in a PZT microbeam with an ACS Applied Electronic Materials interdigitated electrode where the deflections due to flexoelectric and piezoelectric effects gave the values 7.25 and 6.14 nm, respectively, under 3 V excitation.…”

Section: Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 20f shows curvature and applied sinusoidal voltage with respect to time. Maier et al 138 developed a flexoelectric cantilever using TiO 2 which is CMOS compatible and has a high permittivity. The work included measuring the effective flexoelectric coefficient of IrO 2 /TiO 2 /IrO 2 cantilevers and had strong evidence that the actuation mechanism was entirely flexoelectric.…”

Section: Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Comprehensive Review on Flexoelectric Energy Harvesting Technology: Mechanisms, Device Configurations, and Potential Applications

Tripathy

Saravanakumar

Mohanty

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Electron. Mater.

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Flexoelectricity is the electromechanical coupling between mechanical strain gradient and electric polarization or vice versa. This unique effect becomes considerable as the material dimension decreases and is found in a wide range of materials. In this review, flexoelectric effects in different dielectric materials and their characterization methods have been summarized. Also, the different mechanical structures for the measurement of electric outputs corresponding to different components of strain gradient are discussed. We have also discussed in detail the recent theoretical models developed in the field of flexoelectricity. Furthermore, the factors contributing to the effect such as various mechanisms of the flexoelectric response in ferroelectrics and affecting the effective flexoelectric coefficient have been highlighted. Along with providing a broad material choice, it has found vast potential applications in sensors, actuators, transducers, etc., and thus, a flexoelectric nanogenerator has proven to be an energy harvesting technique. The recent advances in flexoelectric energy harvesting techniques have been reviewed. Apart from these applications, we have given a brief report on the recent developments and other applications of the flexoelectric effect. Moreover, the recent discoveries in flexoelectricity that claim that this effect may promote the development of nanoelectronics have been summarized. At the end of the review, the future perspective of flexoelectric-based applications has been discussed.

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Section: Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Comprehensive Review on Flexoelectric Energy Harvesting Technology: Mechanisms, Device Configurations, and Potential Applications

Tripathy

Saravanakumar

Mohanty

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Electron. Mater.

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show abstract

“…Flexoelectricity is a universally observed phenomenon that has garnered substantial research attention recently due to its expansive spectrum of potential applications across various disciplines, encompassing areas such as actuators, sensors, and the manipulation of properties in ferroelectric thin films. − The flexoelectric effect describes the interplay between the mechanical strain gradient and the electric polarization, termed the direct flexoelectric effect. Conversely, it also encompasses the coupling between the electric field gradient and the mechanical stress, known as the converse flexoelectric effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancements and Prospects of Flexoelectricity

Xia,

Qian,

Yang

2024

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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The flexoelectric effect, as a novel form of the electromechanical coupling phenomenon, has attracted significant attention in the fields of materials science and electronic devices. It refers to the interaction between strain gradients and electric dipole moments or electric field intensity gradients and strain. In contrast to the traditional piezoelectric effect, the flexoelectric effect is not limited by material symmetry or the Curie temperature and exhibits a stronger effect at the nanoscale. The flexoelectric effect finds widespread applications ranging from energy harvesting to electronic device design. Utilizing the flexoelectric effect, enhanced energy harvesters, sensitive sensors, and high-performance wearable electronic devices can be developed. Additionally, the flexoelectric effect can be utilized to modulate the optoelectronic properties and physical characteristics of materials, holding the potential for significant applications in areas such as optoelectronic devices, energy storage devices, and flexible electronics. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the historical development, measurement of flexoelectric coefficients, enhancement mechanisms, and current research progress of the flexoelectric effect. Additionally, it offers a perspective on future prospects of the flexoelectric effect.

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Fundamentals of Flexoelectricity, Materials and Emerging Opportunities Toward Strain‐Driven Nanocatalysts

Kołodziej,

Ojha,

Budziałowski

et al. 2024

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Flexoelectricity, an intrinsic property observed in materials under nonuniform deformation, entails a coupling between polarization and strain gradients. Recent catalyst advancements have reignited interest in flexoelectricity, particularly at the nanoscale, where pronounced strain gradients promote robust flexoelectric effects. This paper comprehensively examines flexoelectricity, encompassing methodologies for precise measurement, elucidating its distinctions from related phenomena, and exploring its potential applications in augmenting catalytic properties. So far, the greatest potentials are based on lead strontium titanate (PST) and other metallic titanates such as titania (TiO2), strontium titanate (STO), barium strontium titanate (BST) sulfates (MoS2, ZnS) and halide perovskites (with archetype XPbI3). This review explores the promise of flexoelectric properties in addressing material and photocatalytic challenges, such as charge carrier recombination and ineffective surface charge separation. Additionally, it sheds light on the synergy with emerging paradigms like photo‐flexo catalysis and synergistic flexo‐piezo catalysis, specifically focusing on selective chemical transformations like green hydrogen production. Current limitations related to the usage of photoflexoelectricity for photocatalysis are mostly the stability of the used substance (susceptibility to photodegradation) or the voltage values, which represent the inferior potential for specific practical applications. This work underscores the indispensable role of flexoelectricity in catalysis and its capacity to steer future research and technological advancement.

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Flexoelectricity in polycrystalline TiO2 thin films

Cited by 20 publications

References 27 publications

Comprehensive Review on Flexoelectric Energy Harvesting Technology: Mechanisms, Device Configurations, and Potential Applications

Comprehensive Review on Flexoelectric Energy Harvesting Technology: Mechanisms, Device Configurations, and Potential Applications

Advancements and Prospects of Flexoelectricity

Fundamentals of Flexoelectricity, Materials and Emerging Opportunities Toward Strain‐Driven Nanocatalysts

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