“…In the recent decades, phononic crystals (PCs), a classical type of artificial structures possessing periodicity, have been extensively applied to manipulate elastic and acoustic waves owing to their extraordinary features such as negative refraction (Xia et al, 2016; Yao et al, 2011), cloaking (Milton et al, 2006; Zhao et al, 2017), self-collimation (Li et al, 2015; Shi et al, 2008) and band gaps (Hussein and Frazier, 2010; Kushwaha et al, 1993; Li et al, 2019; Lou et al, 2018; Lucklum and Vellekoop, 2018). Concerned with the field of vibration and sound reduction, band gaps where elastic waves are forbidden to propagate through can offer a promising technique to meet different operational requirements.…”