Flicker Fusion Frequency: Background and Applications

Simonson, Ernst; Brožek, Josef

doi:10.1152/physrev.1952.32.3.349

Cited by 253 publications

(107 citation statements)

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“…The mean of the 13 items was used, a raised value indicating an increase in perception of subjective fatigue. (2) Flicker fusion frequency (FFF): This was used to measure central fatigue (Payne, 1982) (Holmberg, 1981;Simonson & Brozek, 1952). The¯icker fusion frequency device was built at the College and comprised a binocular viewing piece containing four red LEDs connected to a circuit that could vary the¯icker rate of the LEDs between 18 Hz and 216 Hz.…”

Section: Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-prandial changes in measures of fatigue: Effect of a mixed or a pure carbohydrate or pure fat meal

1997

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Objectives: To assess the changes in measures of fatigue after meals of varying composition, and to compare the relation of the fatigue with changes in the plasma tryptophan:large neutral amino acids (Trp:LNAA) ratio. Subjects: Sixteen healthy volunteers were recruited from staff and students at the College. Design: Subjects were tested for central and peripheral fatigue using a visual analogue scale,¯icker fusion frequency, grip strength, reaction time and wrist ergometry. In addition, plasma amino acid concentrations and Trp:LNAA ratio were determined. Measurements were made before, and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after drinking one of three liquid test meals. The meals were isoenergetic (1672 kJ) and were of mixed carbohydrate, fat and protein, or of pure carbohydrate or pure fat. Setting: Department of Human Nutrition. Results: Subjects consuming the pure carbohydrate meal reported more subjective feelings of fatigue and had slower reaction times. Aspects of central fatigue were greater in subjects consuming a pure fat meal. The Trp:LNAA ratio was depressed in those consuming a pure fat or mixed meal and raised only after pure carbohydrate. Conclusions: Central and subjective fatigue may be in¯uenced by raised plasma free tryptophan to competitor amino acid ratios induced by carbohydrate intake but other aspects of central arousal are affected by fat intake.

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Section: Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-prandial changes in measures of fatigue: Effect of a mixed or a pure carbohydrate or pure fat meal

1997

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“…The flickering light was presented for 2 s at 16 Hz (lower than the possible fusion point) and the frequency was altered stepwise according to the pattern of response. Fusion threshold was defined as the lowest frequency at which 50% or more of the last 25 responses were considered to be fused (Simonson & Brozek, 1952;Nicholson & Stone, 1983).…”

Section: Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a mu‐opioid receptor agonist (codeine phosphate) on visuo‐ motor coordination and dynamic visual acuity in man.

Bradley¹,

Nicholson²

1986

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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1 Effects of codeine (30, 60 and 90 mg) on visuo-motor coordination and dynamic visual acuity, together with critical flicker fusion, digit symbol substitution, complex reaction time and subjective assessments of mood, were studied from 0.75-2.0 h after ingestion by six healthy female adults. The study was double-blind and placebo controlled, and triprolidine (10 mg) was used as the active control. 2 The effect on visuo-motor coordination was limited and was dose related and linear, and performance was altered on visuo-motor coordination with 60 and 90 mg codeine, and on dynamic visual acuity with 90 mg codeine (P < 0.05). No other effect of codeine was detected.3 Modulated neuromuscular function is likely to be the common denominator of the changes in performance with codeine, though nausea, but not sedation, may be a contributory factor. It is possible that altered performance with codeine may involve interactions with different receptors than those which lead to sedation.

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“…), which reflects overall CNS arousal. The subjects were instructed to detect the fusion of a flickering red light (diameter 3 mm) at 1 m distance; expressed in Hz, mean of three observations for each time point (Simonson & Brozek, 1952;Smith & Misiak, 1976 (Goldstein et al, 1981). The method had a detection limit of 0.10 nM, and its intra-assay coefficient of variation was about 5% for noradrenaline and 10% for adrenaline in the physiological concentration range.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meptazinol and pentazocine: plasma catecholamines and other effects in healthy volunteers.

Manner

Kanto

Scheinin

et al. 1987

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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1. This double‐blind, random‐order study was designed to compare the clinical effects and the plasma catecholamine responses after i.v. administration of meptazinol at doses 0.7 and 1.4 mg kg‐1, pentazocine at doses 0.3 and 0.6 mg kg‐1 and saline placebo to six healthy volunteers. 2. Mean arterial pressure was not affected by either drug. Heart rate showed slight drug‐related changes. Respiratory rate fell slightly with both drugs, but independently of dose. 3. The critical flicker fusion threshold‐test and Maddox wing readings could both clearly differentiate active drugs from placebo. Meptazinol caused more nausea and dysphoria as expressed with visual analogue scales. Both analgesics caused short‐lived feelings of euphoria. 4. After pentazocine plasma noradrenaline increased almost two‐fold in 10‐20 min. The effect of meptazinol was slightly smaller, whereas meptazinol caused a pronounced increase in plasma adrenaline concentrations in two of six subjects. Pentazocine had a smaller, but significant effect on plasma adrenaline. 5. We conclude that the effects of meptazinol in healthy volunteers do not differ markedly from those of pentazocine, although it may cause more nausea and dysphoria. The pronounced increase in plasma adrenaline concentrations in two of six subjects calls for caution in its use in patients with cardiac diseases.

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Flicker Fusion Frequency: Background and Applications

Cited by 253 publications

References 0 publications

Post-prandial changes in measures of fatigue: Effect of a mixed or a pure carbohydrate or pure fat meal

Post-prandial changes in measures of fatigue: Effect of a mixed or a pure carbohydrate or pure fat meal

Effects of a mu‐opioid receptor agonist (codeine phosphate) on visuo‐ motor coordination and dynamic visual acuity in man.

Meptazinol and pentazocine: plasma catecholamines and other effects in healthy volunteers.

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