Flip flop of Day-night and Summer-Winter Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity in India

Shastri, Hiteshri; Barik, Beas; Ghosh, Subimal; Venkataraman, Chandra; Sadavarte, Pankaj

doi:10.1038/srep40178

Cited by 140 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…Dee et al [40] further elaborate that Tiled ECMWF Scheme for Surface Exchanges over Land (TESSEL) scheme in the model's land surface component (based on Global Land Cover Characterization (GLCC) dataset) is used to update various generated variables. When compared to other reanalysis products that are available over the Indian region, ERA-Interim dataset simulates the conditions in a better manner, and is therefore a widely acceptable dataset [43].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Land-Air Interactions over Urban-Rural Transects Using Satellite Observations: Analysis over Delhi, India from 1991–2016

2017

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Abstract:Over the past four decades Delhi, India, has witnessed rapid urbanization and change in land use land cover (LULC) pattern, with most of the cultivable areas and wasteland being converted into built-up areas. Presently around 40% land is under built-up area, a drastic rise of 30% from 1977. The effect of changing LULC, at a local scale, on various variables-land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), emissivity, albedo, evaporation, Bowen ratio, and planetary boundary layer (PBL) height, from 1991-2016, is investigated. To assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of land-air interactions, we select two different 100 km transects covering the NE-SW and NW-SE expanse of Delhi and its adjoining areas. High NDVI and emissivity is found for regions with green cover and drastic reduction is noted in built-up area clusters. In both of the transects, land surface variations manifest itself in patterns of LST variation. Parametric and non-parametric correlations are able to statistically establish the land-air interactions in the city. NDVI, an indirect indicator for LULC classes, significantly helps in understanding the modifications in LST and ultimately air temperature. Significant, strong positive relationships exist between skin temperature and evaporation, skin temperature and PBL height, and PBL height and evaporation, providing insights into the meteorological changes that are associated with urbanization.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Land-Air Interactions over Urban-Rural Transects Using Satellite Observations: Analysis over Delhi, India from 1991–2016

2017

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“…Similarly, past studies on the transport sector have only been focused on the Kathmandu Valley due to large number of vehicles registered in the Bagmati Zone, where the Kathmandu Valley is located, and subsequently higher sales of gasoline and diesel in the valley (Shrestha et al, 2013). Past studies like that of Shrestha and Rajbhandari (2010) have modeled the influence of the residential, agricultural, transport, industrial and commercial sectors on reducing future carbon emissions only for the Kathmandu Valley, which takes into consideration the economics and demands of the population without a detailed classification of combustion technologies that drive the emissions.…”

Section: P Sadavarte Et Al: Nepal Emission Inventorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nepal emission inventory – Part I: Technologies and combustion sources (NEEMI-Tech) for 2001–2016

et al. 2019

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Abstract. The lack of a comprehensive, up-to-date emission inventory for the Himalayan region is a major challenge in understanding the extensive regional air pollution, including its causes, impacts and mitigation pathways. This study describes a high-resolution (1 km × 1 km) present-day emission inventory for Nepal, developed with a higher-tier approach. The complete study is divided into two parts; this paper covers technologies and combustion sources in residential, industrial, commercial, agricultural diesel-use and transport sectors as Part I (NEEMI-Tech), while emissions from the open burning of municipal waste and agricultural residue in fields and fugitive emissions from waste management, paddy fields, enteric fermentation and manure management for the period 2001–2016 will be covered in Part II (NEEMI-Open). The national total energy consumption (except hydropower, solar and wind energy) estimated in the base year 2011 was 374 PJ, with the residential sector being the largest energy consumer (79 %), followed by industry (11 %) and the transport sector (7 %). Biomass is the dominant energy source, contributing to 88 % of the national total energy consumption, while the rest is from fossil fuel. A total of 8.9 Tg of CO2, 110 Gg of CH4, 2.1 Gg of N2O, 64 Gg of NOx, 1714 Gg of CO, 407 Gg of NMVOCs, 195 Gg of PM2.5, 23 Gg of BC, 83 Gg of OC and 24 Gg of SO2 emissions were estimated in 2011 from the five energy-use sectors considered in NEEMI-Tech. The Nepal emission inventory provides, for the first time, temporal trends of fuel and energy consumption and associated emissions in Nepal for a long period, 2001–2016. The energy consumption showed an increase by a factor of 1.6 in 2016 compared to 2001, while the emissions of various species increased by a factor of 1.2–2.4. An assessment of the top polluting technologies shows particularly high emissions from traditional cookstoves and space-heating practices using biomass. In addition, high emissions were also computed from fixed-chimney Bull's trench kilns (FCBTKs) in brick production, cement kilns, two-wheeler gasoline vehicles, heavy-duty diesel freight vehicles and kerosene lamps. The monthly analysis shows December, January and February as periods of high PM2.5 emissions from the technology-based sources considered in this study. Once the full inventory including open burning and fugitive sources (Part II) is available, a more complete picture of the strength and temporal variability in the emissions and sources will be possible. Furthermore, the large spatial variation in the emissions highlights the pockets of growing urbanization, which emphasize the importance of the detailed knowledge about the emission sources that this study provides. These emissions will be of value for further studies, especially air-quality-modeling studies focused on understanding the likely effectiveness of air pollution mitigation measures in Nepal.

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“…Consequently, forests often transmit more latent and sensible heat to the atmosphere, cooling locally compared to the grassland or unirrigated cropland (Jackson et al 2008). Therefore, forests often cool the land surfaces (Ellison et al 2017) more than urban land cover, grasslands, or bare land; thus, trees are helpful for mitigating urban heat island (UHI) (Shastri et al 2017) and urban dry island (UDI) (Wang and Gong 2010) effects. Vegetated land cover acts as "air conditioners" because they use large amount of energy on ET, thus decreasing sensible heat and cooling the surrounding atmosphere (Hao et al 2015).…”

Section: Energy Partitioning and Climate Moderationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecohydrological processes and ecosystem services in the Anthropocene: a review

2017

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The framework for ecosystem services has been increasingly used in integrated watershed ecosystem management practices that involve scientists, engineers, managers, and policy makers. The objective of this review is to explore the intimate connections between ecohydrological processes and water-related ecosystem services in human-dominated ecosystems in the Anthropocene. We synthesize current literature to illustrate the importance of understanding the ecohydrological processes for accurately quantifying ecosystem services under different environmental and socioeconomic settings and scales. Our synthesis focuses on managed ecosystems that are dominated by humans and explores how ecological processes affect the tradeoffs and synergies of multiple ecosystem services. We identify research gaps in studying ecological processes mainly including energy, carbon, water, and nutrient balances to better assess and quantify ecosystem services that are critical for sustaining natural resources for future generations. To better assess ecosystem services, future ecohydrological studies need to better account for the scaling effects of natural and anthropogenic stressors exerted on evapotranspiration and other water supply and demand processes. Future studies should focus on the bidirectional interactions between hydrological functions and services and human actions to solve real world problems such as water shortages, ecological degradation, and climate change adaptation. Review

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Flip flop of Day-night and Summer-Winter Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity in India

Cited by 140 publications

References 39 publications

Land-Air Interactions over Urban-Rural Transects Using Satellite Observations: Analysis over Delhi, India from 1991–2016

Land-Air Interactions over Urban-Rural Transects Using Satellite Observations: Analysis over Delhi, India from 1991–2016

Nepal emission inventory – Part I: Technologies and combustion sources (NEEMI-Tech) for 2001–2016

Ecohydrological processes and ecosystem services in the Anthropocene: a review

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