Floating liquid bridge charge dynamics

Abstract

The interaction of liquid with electric fields is investigated in a configuration where up to 13 kV are applied between electrodes resulting in a 106 V/m electric field in the capillaries and where there is the formation of a free-standing fluid bridge in the interelectrode gap. The Mott-Gurney equation was fitted to the measured ionization current vs applied voltage curve which indicates that the ionization rate at the high-voltage anode electrode dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) interface and space charging in the interelectrode gap determine the floating liquid bridge current for a given cathode-to-anode voltage. Space charge effects were measured in the cathode becker and also at the liquid bridge since the ionized charges at the anode migrate to the bridge outer surface and decrease the interfacial tension from 43 mJ/m2 to 29 mJ/m2. Two distinct structural regions then form the bridge, a charged plastic (bulk modulus ∼100 MPa) conducting outer layer with a surface conductivity of ∼10−9 Ω−1, which shapes and supports the floating fluid structure, and an inner liquid cylinder, where DMSO molecules flow.

Reversed Currents in Charged Liquid Bridges

“…Possible charges with density ρ c in water move according to the applied electric field E and will create a mean mass motion of density ρ. Such access charge has been found in [30,31]. Let us first recall the main steps for such a transport picture and then investigate how a radial charge distribution changes the results.…”

“…Already in [4], it was considered that the bulk charges might be realized in a surface sheet. Ionized charges at the anode migrate to the outer surface of the bridge [30]. Therefore, the migration of charges to the surface should be considered to be forming a charged surface sheet which will be an extension of [26].…”

Electrically Induced Liquid–Liquid Phase Transition in a Floating Water Bridge Identified by Refractive Index Variations

“…A possible answer is the strong local variations in the emergent phase of coupled molecular stretch vibrations, identified as transverse optically-active phonon-like states [34]. Together with Equations (12) and (13) these variations in the condensate density are likely to be triggered by instabilities in the electrostatic field E applied to the water in the bridge. Due to the non-linearity involved in the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau regime, such instabilities in pumping must [33] trigger strong spike-like variations in the emergent phase.…”

“…Aerov [12], on the other hand, proposed a model where surface tension is responsible for holding the bridge against the gravity. A reduction of the surface tension was experimentally determined by Teschke et al [13], and the viscoelastic behavior of the bridge in terms of Young's modulus was also determined by this group [14]. Woisetschläger et al [15] presented a macroscopic theory based on the works of Widom et al [6] and Marín and Lohse [7].…”

Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation Mapping of Spin Relaxation in Electrically Stressed Glycerol

“…The question now arises whether and how electric fields of such strength can alter physical properties in liquids made of polar molecules other than water. Nonaqueous liquid bridges have been previously investigated for other polar molecules, namely, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, glycerol, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). − In DMSO, an aprotic liquid, ionized molecules like O 2 are suggested to act as charge carriers, whereas in protic liquids, e.g., water, protons have been identified to fulfill this purpose. The alcohol group protons in glycerol are expected to behave in a similar fashion to those in water, which were found to be more delocalized and more mobile in electrically stressed water than in bulk water .…”