Floating pontoon breakwaters

Performance of pile-restrained flexible floating breakwaters

“…As far as the hydrodynamic analysis of the body is concerned, 2-D models have been developed to describe the complete linear hydrodynamic problem of the floating body's interaction with waves [5,4,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. The four methods these 2-D models use are: (i) finite element method, (ii) boundary integral method, (iii) finite differences using Boussinesq type equations and (iv) volume of fluid or particle methods.…”

Stiffness of mooring lines and performance of floating breakwater in three dimensions

“…Isaacson and Baldwin [8] provide a review of the analysis of moored floating structures in currents and waves, with an emphasis on moored floating breakwaters. With regard to the hydrodynamic analysis of the floating body, linear two-dimensional models describing the complete hydrodynamic problem (diffraction and radiation) have been developed by Isaacson and Nwogu [11], Isaacson [6], Isaacson and Bhat [9], Williams and Abul-Azm [23], Bhat and Isaacson [2], Sannasiraj et al [20], Williams et al [24] and Lee and Cho [14]. Most of these models are based on the finite element method (FEM) or the boundary integral equation method (BIEM) utilizing Green's theorem, while Lee and Cho [14] use the element-free Galerkin method.…”

“…Williams and Abul-Azm [23] and Williams et al [24] modified the hydrodynamic equations by using appropriate values of the mooring lines' stiffness coefficients. On the contrary, Sannasiraj et al [20] and Lee and Cho [14] derived analytically the stiffness coefficients of the mooring lines for taut and slack conditions, respectively, using the basic catenary equation for the cable equilibrium.…”

Evaluation of wave energy transmission through a floating breakwater using the SPH method

“…Grid or mesh based numerical methods such as the finite difference methods (FDM) and the finite element methods (FEM) have been widely applied to study the interaction between waves and FB (i.e. Williams and Abul-Azm [3] ; Williams et al [4]). …”