Flocculation Performance of Trimethyl Quaternary Ammonium Salt of Lignin-Sodium Alginate Polyampholyte

Zhang, Qiong; Wang, Di; Bei, Ying; Ren, Shixue; Gui-zhen, Fang

doi:10.15376/biores.8.3.3544-3555

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The modified lignin at 2–3 g/L dosage showed 94.02% removal of Acid Black dye from a 0.1 g/L dye concentration in acidic conditions (pH 2–3) [ 35 ]. It was also discovered that the aminated lignin could remove 94.91% of Acid Black ATT (0.1 g/L concentration) and 97.11% of Methylene Blue (0.1 g/L concentration) at 30 °C and pH 3 and 8, respectively [ 36 ]. Kong et al (2015) grafted glycidyl-trimethylammonium chloride (GTMAC) onto softwood kraft lignin ( Table 1 ) in the molar ratio of 2/1 GTMAC/lignin for 1 h at 70 °C, in which aminated lignin with the charge density of 1.10 meq/g was generated [ 11 ].…”

Section: Flocculantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Flocculants, Adsorbents, and Dispersants from Lignin

et al. 2018

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Currently, lignin is mainly produced in pulping processes, but it is considered as an under-utilized chemical since it is being mainly used as a fuel source. Lignin contains many hydroxyl groups that can participate in chemical reactions to produce value-added products. Flocculants, adsorbents, and dispersants have a wide range of applications in industry, but they are mainly oil-based chemicals and expensive. This paper reviews the pathways to produce water soluble lignin-based flocculants, adsorbents, and dispersants. It provides information on the recent progress in the possible use of these lignin-based flocculants, adsorbents, and dispersants. It also critically discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches to produce such products. The challenges present in the production of lignin-based flocculants, adsorbents, and dispersants and possible scenarios to overcome these challenges for commercial use of these products in industry are discussed.

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Section: Flocculantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Flocculants, Adsorbents, and Dispersants from Lignin

et al. 2018

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“…It means that the TLQA containing the higher nitrogen can be obtained by using the lignin raw materials with higher phenolic hydroxyl content. Zhang et al [31] used the sodium alginate and soda lignin to synthesize a lignin quaternary ammonium salts that could be used as flocculants. Similar to Su’s research, the phenolic hydroxyl group is the reactive sites in the synthesis of lignin quaternary ammonium salts (QL).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Degradation of Soda Lignin Using Pd/SO42−/ZrO2 as a Catalyst: Improved Reactivity and Antioxidant Activity

et al. 2019

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To the value-added application of the soda lignin by improving its reactivity and antioxidant activity, a self-made Pd/SO42−/ZrO2 catalyst was used to catalyze the degradation reaction of soda lignin. The catalyst was loaded with the palladium of 1.47 wt.% while retaining the super acidity of SO42−/ZrO2. The reaction condition was determined as follows: the dioxane-water solution was selected as the reaction solution, the addition amount of the catalyst was 5 wt.% of the soda lignin, the system was heated at 100 °C for 4 h under a hydrogen pressure of 3 MPa. The reactivity of the catalyzed-soda lignin compared to the soda lignin before the reaction was significantly improved: the values of phenolic hydroxyl groups and total hydroxyl groups were increased by 35.3% and 97.1%, respectively, and the value of methoxy groups was decreased by 13%. Approximately 63.3% of the β-O-4 bonds were cleaved, which resulted in a reduction of the weight average molecular weight from 8200 g·mol−1 to 4900 g·mol−1. At the same time, the EC50 values of the catalyzed-soda lignin on DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS+ (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radicals scavenging were decreased by 20.6% and 32.6%, respectively, and the reducing power of catalyzed-soda lignin at the absorption value of 0.5 was increased by 10.5%. The Pd/SO42−/ZrO2 catalyst works by breaking the β-O-4 linkages and degrading the methoxy groups. The catalyzed-soda lignin exhibits the possibility of being used as the antioxidants, grafting precursors, adhesive additives, and raw materials for lignin/polymer composites.

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“…In addition, the reports on the complexation of lignin and metals, such as copper, cobalt, chromium, lead, and zinc, have further increased interest in its application in wastewater treatment [11][12][13][14]. The flocculation efficiency of lignin in wastewater produced by the mining, textile, and pulp and paper industries, as well as model azo-dye wastewaters, were assessed in the past [8,9,15]. However, industrial wastewaters usually contain specific chemical streams at high strength from a specific industry or process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cationic Lignin Polymers as Flocculant for Municipal Wastewater

2021

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The radical polymerization of acid-washed and unwashed softwood kraft lignin with [2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (METAC) was attempted to investigate the production of lignin-based flocculants for simulated wastewater. The incorporation of METAC onto lignin resulted in a cationic charge density (2.3–3.3 meq/g), increased water solubility (89–96% in neutral pH), and increased molecular weight (70,000–210,000 g/mol) of lignin. The lignin–METAC polymers generated from acid-washed lignin had higher molecular weights than those generated from unwashed lignin. The lignin–METAC polymers showed lower resistance to thermal decomposition than unmodified lignin due to the inclusion of PolyMETAC. The unmodified acid-washed lignin samples did not significantly affect the COD of the wastewater, while the unmodified unwashed lignin samples contributed to the COD, implying that unmodified lignin was not suitable for wastewater treatment. The flocculation of wastewater with lignin–METAC led to the chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction of 17–23% and total organic carbon (TOC) drop of 51–60%. The lignin–METAC polymer with the highest molecular weight (produced from acid-washed lignin) reached the highest COD removal, while lignin–METAC polymer with the highest charge density (produced from unwashed lignin) reached the highest TOC removal. Focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) studies revealed that the lignin–METAC polymer produced from acid-washed lignin with a high molecular weight generated larger and more flocs in wastewater than the lignin–METAC polymer produced from unwashed lignin. The comparison of theoretical and experimental dosages required for neutralizing the charges of wastewater demonstrated that charge neutralization was the main flocculation mechanism, although a bridging mechanism was also involved for component removals from wastewater. The use of 1 mg/L of alum along with 65 mg/L lignin–METAC in a dual coagulation–flocculation system led to higher average phosphorous (42%) and COD (44%) removals than the singular flocculation system only using 65 mg/L of lignin–METAC (with phosphorous removals of 3.4% and COD removals of 18.7%). However, lignin–METAC flocculant slightly increased the ammonia–nitrogen content in both singular flocculation and dual coagulation–flocculation systems due to the residual ammonia content of lignin–METAC. The coagulation–flocculation system determined that the use of lignin–METAC (65 mg/L) could reduce the alum dosage significantly while maintaining a similar organic content reduction of 44% for wastewater.

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Flocculation Performance of Trimethyl Quaternary Ammonium Salt of Lignin-Sodium Alginate Polyampholyte

Cited by 24 publications

References 19 publications

Production of Flocculants, Adsorbents, and Dispersants from Lignin

Production of Flocculants, Adsorbents, and Dispersants from Lignin

The Effect of Degradation of Soda Lignin Using Pd/SO42−/ZrO2 as a Catalyst: Improved Reactivity and Antioxidant Activity

Cationic Lignin Polymers as Flocculant for Municipal Wastewater

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