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For the purposes of this paper, a major flood, is one that is so large and so infrequent that such a flood will occur on any given stream perhaps only once or twice in a lifetime. Many factors are involved in the production of a major flood, but they usually do not all operate with maximum force and effect. An excessive amount of precipitation is, of course, the most important cause of unusual floods, but an unusually heavy rain does not always cause an unusual flood. Some of the climatic factors are temperature, wind, direction of travel of the storm, duration and frequency of storms during the flood‐season, time of the year, etc Physical conditions which produce variations in floods from different drainage‐basins include variations in the geology and topography of the basins, as well as variations in different parts of a given basin. Such conditions, together with the size and shape of a drainage‐area, are more or less fixed but may develop differing flood‐conditions for storms of different type and direction of travel. Still another set of variables depends upon the condition of the surface upon which precipitation falls, whether it is rock or soil, bare or covered with vegetation, and the character and condition of the vegetation; the character and condition of the soil, whether hard or loose, dense or porous, its moisture‐content or degree of saturation, elevation of the groundwater, presence or absence of snow, and whether or not the ground is frozen.
For the purposes of this paper, a major flood, is one that is so large and so infrequent that such a flood will occur on any given stream perhaps only once or twice in a lifetime. Many factors are involved in the production of a major flood, but they usually do not all operate with maximum force and effect. An excessive amount of precipitation is, of course, the most important cause of unusual floods, but an unusually heavy rain does not always cause an unusual flood. Some of the climatic factors are temperature, wind, direction of travel of the storm, duration and frequency of storms during the flood‐season, time of the year, etc Physical conditions which produce variations in floods from different drainage‐basins include variations in the geology and topography of the basins, as well as variations in different parts of a given basin. Such conditions, together with the size and shape of a drainage‐area, are more or less fixed but may develop differing flood‐conditions for storms of different type and direction of travel. Still another set of variables depends upon the condition of the surface upon which precipitation falls, whether it is rock or soil, bare or covered with vegetation, and the character and condition of the vegetation; the character and condition of the soil, whether hard or loose, dense or porous, its moisture‐content or degree of saturation, elevation of the groundwater, presence or absence of snow, and whether or not the ground is frozen.
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