Flood Risk Assessment of the Wadi Nu’man Basin, Mecca, Saudi Arabia (During the Period, 1988–2019) Based on the Integration of Geomatics and Hydraulic Modeling: A Case Study

Abdelkarim, Ashraf; Gaber, Ahmed

doi:10.3390/w11091887

Cited by 26 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…The area covered by Makkah City rose significantly from about 12% of the province in 1992 to 22.13% in 2016 (Al Jabri and Alhazmi 2017). The urban areas exposed to flooding increased by about 25 times between 1988 and 2019 (Abdelkarim and Gaber 2019). In addition, more than 50% of Makkah's road network is subjected to the impact of high floods (Al-Baroudi et al, 2013).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second high-water mark estimate was made on November 3, 2010, in Wadi Al-Nu'man with an observed peak discharge ranging from 640 to 680 m 3 /s and a flow depth of about 3.5 to 4 m measured at three points by a consultant near the University of Umm Al Qura in Makkah (Abdelkarim and Gaber 2019). This event was used to validate the GSSHA model.…”

Section: Model Calibration and Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physically-based, distributed hydrologic model for Makkah watershed using GPM satellite rainfall and ground rainfall stations

Al-Areeq

Al-Zahrani

Sharif

2021

Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk

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The purpose of this study is to understand flooding in a 1,725km 2 arid catchment in Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia, with very limited ground observations. This mountainous catchment includes densely urbanized areas built on lowlands and in the ephemeral streams of flood zones, which makes them vulnerable to flooding. A physically based, fully distributed hydrologic model was produced by three Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (IMERG) high-resolution satellite rainfall products, together with a limited number of ground observations to simulate recent flood events. The hydrologic model was calibrated and validated using two events that occurred in 2010 and 2018, respectively. Details of the flooding in the urbanized areas were examined through simulation of a third event. Significant differences were noticed when the three IMERG rainfall products (Early, Late, and Final) were compared in terms of the spatial patterns and total half-hour accumulation for the three events. Accordingly, a method was developed to remove the biases of IMERG rainfall estimates using ground observations. The Early product was the closest to ground observations, producing peak discharges of 428 m 3 /s and 663.6 m 3 /s for calibration and validation storm events, respectively, and resulted in better estimates of the observed peak discharge even before adjustment. The Final run product significantly underestimated rainfall, as peak discharges of 204 m 3 /s and 123 m 3 /s for calibration and validation storm events, respectively, resulted in an amplified underestimation of the runoff.

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Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Model Calibration and Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physically-based, distributed hydrologic model for Makkah watershed using GPM satellite rainfall and ground rainfall stations

Al-Areeq

Al-Zahrani

Sharif

2021

Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk

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“…Determining areas that are subjected to flash flood hazards, enhancing the flash flood maps for the urban areas based on geomatics and hydrological modeling is a main issue in the urban planning process for sustainability [78,79]. The urban-rural hub area has some of major valleys the major valleys in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, namely wadi al-Sli, which controls about 65% of the axis, followed by Wadi Hanifa with 35%.…”

Section: The Spatial Suitability Of "Streams"mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping of GIS-Land Use Suitability in the Rural–Urban Continuum between Ar Riyadh and Al Kharj Cities, KSA Based on the Integrating GIS Multi Criteria Decision Analysis and Analytic Hierarchy Process

Karim¹,

Alogayell

Alkadi

et al. 2020

Environments

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The management of land use in big cities and capitals and the surrounding adjacent urban aggregates is still of major importance in the field of urban development, especially in cities with populations of millions and various types of land uses and economic activities. The rural–urban continuum between the cities of Ar Riyadh and Al Kharj suffers from an unclear general land use trend, due to urban expansion at the expense of the agriculture lands, the imbalance of the population compound, the deterioration of the urban fabric, lack and poor distribution of services, and the dominance of industrial land use at the expense of other uses. These factors have led to an increase in environmental changes and loss of the environmental and ecological characteristics of this area between Ar Riyadh and Al Kharj. The present study aims at evaluating the land use suitability for urban development in the rural–urban continuum between Ar Riyadh and Al Kharj cities. This is achieved by using the GIS-based Multi Criteria decision Analysis (GIS-MCDA) on twelve various economic, environmental, urban, and law criteria. The weights of criteria were determined using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The results of the spatial suitability map of the land use for sustainable urban development revealed that there are five categories of spatial suitability ranging in suitability from 32% to 86%. The recommended areas for sustainable urban development are those with a spatial suitability upwards of 70% in the rural–urban continuum corridor between Ar Riyadh and Al Kharj cities. The sustainable development in this corridor can be achieved by executing high priority projects that ensure and support the urban sustainable development plan through establishing four local urban development centers and upgrading four current villages to rural communities, aiming at strengthening the functional bonds between the rural communities and the local urban development centers. These projects will limit the sustainable urban development to specific areas without allowing random expansion, avoiding the urban conjugation of the two Ar Riyadh and Al Kharj cities through the connecting area between them.

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“…With changes in the modern climate, the frequency of extreme climate events has gradually increased [1]. Rapid global warming, large changes in the underlying surface, and the deterioration of the ecological environment are further complicating the causes of flood disaster [2,3]. Especially since the 21st century, the rate of urbanization has continued to accelerate, and the problem of flooding in urban areas has rapidly intensified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flood disasters have become a challenging problem [4]. From 2000 to 2010, the average annual population affected by floods in China was 128.315 million, and the average area of farmland affected was 10.597 million hm 2 , while the average annual direct loss was USD 14.32 billion [5]. An effective way to reduce the damage caused by flood disasters is to perform a complete disaster risk assessment of floods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Case Study of Flood Risk Evaluation Based on Emergy Theory and Cloud Model in Anyang Region, China

Cui

Guo

2021

Water

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With the progression of climate change, the intensity and frequency of extreme rainfall have increased in many parts of the world, while the continuous acceleration of urbanization has made cities more vulnerable to floods. In order to effectively estimate and assess the risks brought by flood disasters, this paper proposes a regional flood disaster risk assessment model combining emergy theory and the cloud model. The emergy theory can measure many kinds of hazardous factor and convert them into unified solar emergy (sej) for quantification. The cloud model can transform the uncertainty in flood risk assessment into certainty in an appropriate way, making the urban flood risk assessment more accurate and effective. In this study, the flood risk assessment model combines the advantages of the two research methods to establish a natural and social dual flood risk assessment system. Based on this, the risk assessment system of the flood hazard cloud model is established. This model was used in a flood disaster risk assessment, and the risk level was divided into five levels: very low risk, low risk, medium risk, high risk, and very high risk. Flood hazard risk results were obtained by using the entropy weight method and fuzzy transformation method. As an example for the application of this model, this paper focuses on the Anyang region which has a typical continental monsoon climate. The results show that the Anyang region has a serious flood disaster threat. Within this region, Linzhou County and Anyang County have very high levels of risk for flood disaster, while Hua County, Neihuang County, Wenfeng District and Beiguan District have high levels of risk for flood disaster. These areas are the core urban areas and the economic center of local administrative regions, with 70% of the industrial clusters being situated in these regions. Only with the coordinated development of regional flood control planning, economy, and population, and reductions in the uncertainty of existing flood control and drainage facilities can the sustainable, healthy and stable development of the region be maintained.

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Flood Risk Assessment of the Wadi Nu’man Basin, Mecca, Saudi Arabia (During the Period, 1988–2019) Based on the Integration of Geomatics and Hydraulic Modeling: A Case Study

Cited by 26 publications

References 69 publications

Physically-based, distributed hydrologic model for Makkah watershed using GPM satellite rainfall and ground rainfall stations

Physically-based, distributed hydrologic model for Makkah watershed using GPM satellite rainfall and ground rainfall stations

Mapping of GIS-Land Use Suitability in the Rural–Urban Continuum between Ar Riyadh and Al Kharj Cities, KSA Based on the Integrating GIS Multi Criteria Decision Analysis and Analytic Hierarchy Process

A Case Study of Flood Risk Evaluation Based on Emergy Theory and Cloud Model in Anyang Region, China

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