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This study utilizes hydrologic modeling (HEC-1) for discrete episodes of land use in a Georgia watershed to portray the hydrologic adjustments that occur during a period of intensive land clearing and subsequent revegetation. It then compares these hydrologic shifts to field-based geomorphic adjustments such as gullying and valley aggradation. The Turner Creek watershed, settled in the mid-1830s, experienced a period of rapid land clearing with intensive cotton production (~90 years) and then an extended period of reforestation (~70 years), which generated hydrologic and geomorphic adjustments. Deep canyon formation in the poorly consolidated Coastal Plain lithologies occurred rapidly (~30 years), causing upwards of 50 m of dissection. Results indicate that a new hydrologic regime has been established relative to both the prehistorical period (ca. 1800) and the period of maximum land clearing (ca. 1880), and that this hydrologic stability was achieved relatively quickly. Some geomorphic adjustments have coincided with the temporal pattern of hydrologic shifts. Aggradation rates, as determined by dendrochronology, have been a little slower to adjust but indicate an overall attenuation since 1948. Current sedimentation, unlike previous periods, is now most likely linked to the magnitude of spring storms. On the other hand, valley-side gully formation and stabilization are strongly linked to the pattern of hydrologic adjustments, as controlled by land-use patterns. Thus, this research indicates that watershed recovery and stability may be achieved, but it may differ from predisturbance conditions, and that not all hydrogeomorphic components respond similarly.
This study utilizes hydrologic modeling (HEC-1) for discrete episodes of land use in a Georgia watershed to portray the hydrologic adjustments that occur during a period of intensive land clearing and subsequent revegetation. It then compares these hydrologic shifts to field-based geomorphic adjustments such as gullying and valley aggradation. The Turner Creek watershed, settled in the mid-1830s, experienced a period of rapid land clearing with intensive cotton production (~90 years) and then an extended period of reforestation (~70 years), which generated hydrologic and geomorphic adjustments. Deep canyon formation in the poorly consolidated Coastal Plain lithologies occurred rapidly (~30 years), causing upwards of 50 m of dissection. Results indicate that a new hydrologic regime has been established relative to both the prehistorical period (ca. 1800) and the period of maximum land clearing (ca. 1880), and that this hydrologic stability was achieved relatively quickly. Some geomorphic adjustments have coincided with the temporal pattern of hydrologic shifts. Aggradation rates, as determined by dendrochronology, have been a little slower to adjust but indicate an overall attenuation since 1948. Current sedimentation, unlike previous periods, is now most likely linked to the magnitude of spring storms. On the other hand, valley-side gully formation and stabilization are strongly linked to the pattern of hydrologic adjustments, as controlled by land-use patterns. Thus, this research indicates that watershed recovery and stability may be achieved, but it may differ from predisturbance conditions, and that not all hydrogeomorphic components respond similarly.
Introduction 1 Basic mission and program 2 Summary of hydrologic conditions, 1990 water year 6 Streamflow 6 Water quality 7 Ground water 8 Water use 8 Georgia District projects 9 Surface-water monitoring, GA001 10 Groundwater monitoring, GA002 11 Quality-of-water monitoring, GA003 12 Sediment monitoring, GA004 13 Atmospheric deposition monitoring, GA005 14 Water use in Georgia, GA007 15 Statewide flood studies, GA059 16 Flood-frequency characteristics of urban streams, GA062 17 Acid rain, dry deposition, and terrestrial processes research at Panola Mountain State Park, GA085 18 Movement and fate of agricultural chemicals in the surface and subsurface environments, southwest Georgia, GA087 19 Effects of groundwater pumping on streamflow in the lower part of the Apalachicola, Chattahoochee, and Flint (ACF) River system, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia, GA089 20 Effects of flood detention reservoirs, Gwinnett County, GA090 21 Hydrology of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Albany area, an analysis from digital modeling, GA091 22 Development of State geographic information system to support environmental management activities in Georgia, GA092 23 Relation of flow and transport processes to concealed faults and fractured zones in a multi-layered carbonate aquifer system, GA093 24 Hydrogeology of Cumberland Island and the impact of channel deepening on the freshwater resources of the Island, GA096 25 Evaluation of the migration and fate of contaminants at an abandoned manufactured gas plant at Albany, Georgia, GA097 26 Assessment of the water resources of the Chatham County, Georgia area, GA100 27 Use of chlorofluorocarbons to assess the contamination potential of a limestone aquifer in a karst terrane, GA101 28 National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program-the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) River basin study, GA102 29 Water, energy, and biogeochemical budgets at the Panola Mountain research watershed, GA103 30 Groundwater flow and quality in the vicinity of the Savannah River at the Savannah River site, Georgia and South Carolina, GA104 31 References cited 32 Sources of publications 34 U.S. Geological Survey 34 Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Georgia Geologic Survey 34 Other publications 34 Selected references for Georgia 34
Introduction 1 Basic mission and program 5 Addresses and telephone numbers of Georgia District and Field Headquarters 6 Summary of hydrologic conditions in Georgia, 1993 water year 7 Surface-water numbering system 7 Streamflow 7 Water quality 8 Water-quality profiles of the Chattahoochee River 8 Water-quality profiles of the Ocmulgee and Altamaha Rivers 11 Ground water 12 Water use 12 Georgia District Projects 13 Surface-water monitoring, GA001 14 Ground-water monitoring, GA002 15 Evaluation of the effects of urban storm runoff on the water quality of the Upper Floridan aquifer near an altered sinkhole, Albany, Georgia, GA00209 16 Geology and ground-water resources in the Zebulon area, Georgia, GA00210 17 Evaluation of hydrologeology and ground-water chemistry of the Upper Floridan aquifer near Albany, Georgia, GA00211 18 Quality-of-water monitoring, GA003 19 Sediment monitoring, GA004 20 Atmospheric deposition monitoring, GA005 21 Water use in Georgia, GA007 22 Statewide flood studies, GA059 23 Flood-frequency characteristics of urban streams in Georgia, GA062 24 Acid Rain, dry deposition, and terrestrial processes research at Panola Mountain State Park, Georgia, GA085 25 Movement and fate of agricultural chemicals in the surface and subsurface environments, southwestGeorgia, GA087 26 Effects of flood-detention reservoirs, Gwinnett County, Georgia, GA090 27 Hydrology of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the Albany, Georgia, area, an analysis from digital modeling, GA091 28 Development of State Geographic Information Systems to support environmental management activities in Georgia, GA092 29 Water-resource evaluation of the Glynn County, Georgia, area, GA093 30 Hydrology of the Valdosta, Georgia, area and effect of Withlacoochee River recharge on the Upper Floridan aquifer, GA095 31 Hydrogeology of Cumberland Island and the impact of ground-water withdrawals and channel deepening on the freshwater resources of the Island, GA096 32 Evaluation of the migration and fate of contaminants at an abandoned manufactured gas plant at Albany, Georgia, GA097 33 Assessment of the water resources of the Chatham County, Georgia, area, GA100 34 Use of chlorofluorocarbons to assess the contamination potential of a limestone aquifer in a karst terrane, GA101 35 National Water-Quality Assessment Program the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River basin study, GA102 36 Water, energy, and biogeochemical budgets at the Panola Mountain Research watershed, GA103 37 in CONTENTS-ContinuedGeorgia District Projects Continued Ground-water flow and quality in the vicinity of the Savannah River at the Savannah River Site, Georgia and South Carolina, GA104 38 Quality of storm-water runoff in DeKalb County, Georgia, GA106 40 Reconnaissance evaluation of surface-and ground-water quality in the White and Mossy Creek watersheds, White County, Georgia, GA107 41 Assessment of air-pollutant loadings and resultant water-quality impacts in Stewart and Marion Counties, Georgia, GA108 42 Geostatistical evaluation of vadose-zone flow and transport processes, GA...
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